Kernel Parameters

                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  
  The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as implemented
  (mostly) by the __setup() macro and sorted into English Dictionary order
  (defined as ignoring all punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a
  case insensitive manner), and with descriptions where known.
  
  Module parameters for loadable modules are specified only as the
  parameter name with optional '=' and value as appropriate, such as:
  
  	modprobe usbcore blinkenlights=1
  
  Module parameters for modules that are built into the kernel image
  are specified on the kernel command line with the module name plus
  '.' plus parameter name, with '=' and value if appropriate, such as:
  
  	usbcore.blinkenlights=1

  This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command
  "modinfo -p ${modulename}" shows a current list of all parameters of a loadable
  module. Loadable modules, after being loaded into the running kernel, also
  reveal their parameters in /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/. Some of these
  parameters may be changed at runtime by the command
  "echo -n ${value} > /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/${parm}".

  The parameters listed below are only valid if certain kernel build options were
  enabled and if respective hardware is present. The text in square brackets at
  the beginning of each description states the restrictions within which a
  parameter is applicable:

  
  	ACPI	ACPI support is enabled.
  	ALSA	ALSA sound support is enabled.
  	APIC	APIC support is enabled.
  	APM	Advanced Power Management support is enabled.
  	AX25	Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.
  	CD	Appropriate CD support is enabled.

  	DRM	Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.

  	EDD	BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled
  	EFI	EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled
  	EIDE	EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.
  	FB	The frame buffer device is enabled.
  	HW	Appropriate hardware is enabled.
  	IA-32	IA-32 aka i386 architecture is enabled.
  	IA-64	IA-64 architecture is enabled.
  	IOSCHED	More than one I/O scheduler is enabled.

  	IP_PNP	IP DHCP, BOOTP, or RARP is enabled.

  	ISAPNP	ISA PnP code is enabled.
  	ISDN	Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.
  	JOY	Appropriate joystick support is enabled.
  	LP	Printer support is enabled.
  	LOOP	Loopback device support is enabled.
  	M68k	M68k architecture is enabled.
  			These options have more detailed description inside of
  			Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt.
  	MCA	MCA bus support is enabled.
  	MDA	MDA console support is enabled.
  	MOUSE	Appropriate mouse support is enabled.

  	MSI	Message Signaled Interrupts (PCI).

  	MTD	MTD support is enabled.
  	NET	Appropriate network support is enabled.
  	NUMA	NUMA support is enabled.

  	GENERIC_TIME The generic timeofday code is enabled.

  	NFS	Appropriate NFS support is enabled.
  	OSS	OSS sound support is enabled.
  	PARIDE	The ParIDE subsystem is enabled.
  	PARISC	The PA-RISC architecture is enabled.
  	PCI	PCI bus support is enabled.
  	PCMCIA	The PCMCIA subsystem is enabled.
  	PNP	Plug & Play support is enabled.
  	PPC	PowerPC architecture is enabled.
  	PPT	Parallel port support is enabled.
  	PS2	Appropriate PS/2 support is enabled.
  	RAM	RAM disk support is enabled.
  	S390	S390 architecture is enabled.
  	SCSI	Appropriate SCSI support is enabled.
  			A lot of drivers has their options described inside of
  			Documentation/scsi/.
  	SELINUX SELinux support is enabled.
  	SERIAL	Serial support is enabled.
  	SMP	The kernel is an SMP kernel.
  	SPARC	Sparc architecture is enabled.

  	SWSUSP	Software suspend is enabled.

  	TS	Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.
  	USB	USB support is enabled.
  	USBHID	USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.
  	V4L	Video For Linux support is enabled.
  	VGA	The VGA console has been enabled.
  	VT	Virtual terminal support is enabled.
  	WDT	Watchdog support is enabled.
  	XT	IBM PC/XT MFM hard disk support is enabled.
  	X86-64	X86-64 architecture is enabled.
  			More X86-64 boot options can be found in
  			Documentation/x86_64/boot-options.txt .
  
  In addition, the following text indicates that the option:
  
  	BUGS=	Relates to possible processor bugs on the said processor.
  	KNL	Is a kernel start-up parameter.
  	BOOT	Is a boot loader parameter.
  
  Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot
  loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly.
  Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme
  need or coordination with <Documentation/i386/boot.txt>.
  
  Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that
  a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will
  be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that
  it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs
  running once the system is up.

  The number of kernel parameters is not limited, but the length of the
  complete command line (parameters including spaces etc.) is limited to
  a fixed number of characters. This limit depends on the architecture
  and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
  ./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE.

  	53c7xx=		[HW,SCSI] Amiga SCSI controllers
  			See header of drivers/scsi/53c7xx.c.
  			See also Documentation/scsi/ncr53c7xx.txt.

  	acpi=		[HW,ACPI] Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
  			Format: { force | off | ht | strict | noirq }

  			force -- enable ACPI if default was off
  			off -- disable ACPI if default was on
  			noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
  			ht -- run only enough ACPI to enable Hyper Threading

  			strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not

  				strictly ACPI specification compliant.
  
  			See also Documentation/pm.txt, pci=noacpi
  
  	acpi_sleep=	[HW,ACPI] Sleep options
  			Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode }
  			See Documentation/power/video.txt

  	acpi_sci=	[HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode

  			Format: { level | edge | high | low }

  	acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
  			ACPI will balance active IRQs
  			default in APIC mode

  	acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
  			ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
  			default in PIC mode

  	acpi_irq_pci=	[HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
  			use by PCI

  			Format: <irq>,<irq>...

  	acpi_irq_isa=	[HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA

  			Format: <irq>,<irq>...

  	acpi_os_name=	[HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
  			Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"

  	acpi_osi=	[HW,ACPI] empty param disables _OSI
  
  	acpi_serialize	[HW,ACPI] force serialization of AML methods
  
  	acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
  			Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
  			For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.

  	acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI}
  			Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
  			that require a timer override, but don't have
  			HPET

  
  	acpi_dbg_layer=	[HW,ACPI]
  			Format: <int>

  			Each bit of the <int> indicates an ACPI debug layer,

  			1: enable, 0: disable. It is useful for boot time
  			debugging. After system has booted up, it can be set
  			via /proc/acpi/debug_layer.
  
  	acpi_dbg_level=	[HW,ACPI]
  			Format: <int>

  			Each bit of the <int> indicates an ACPI debug level,

  			1: enable, 0: disable. It is useful for boot time
  			debugging. After system has booted up, it can be set
  			via /proc/acpi/debug_level.
  
  	acpi_fake_ecdt	[HW,ACPI] Workaround failure due to BIOS lacking ECDT

  	acpi_generic_hotkey [HW,ACPI]
  			Allow consolidated generic hotkey driver to

  			override platform specific driver.

  			See also Documentation/acpi-hotkey.txt.

  	acpi_pm_good	[IA-32,X86-64]
  			Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
  			to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
  			and always returns good values.

  	enable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64]
  			Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer

  			Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
  			(in particular on some ATI chipsets).

  			The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
  
  	disable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64]
  			Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
  			Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.

  	ad1816=		[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>
  			See also Documentation/sound/oss/AD1816.
  
  	ad1848=		[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<type>
  
  	adlib=		[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>

  	advansys=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/advansys.c.
  
  	advwdt=		[HW,WDT] Advantech WDT
  			Format: <iostart>,<iostop>
  
  	aedsp16=	[HW,OSS] Audio Excel DSP 16
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<mss_io>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>
  			See also header of sound/oss/aedsp16.c.

  	aha152x=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See Documentation/scsi/aha152x.txt.
  
  	aha1542=	[HW,SCSI]
  			Format: <portbase>[,<buson>,<busoff>[,<dmaspeed>]]
  
  	aic7xxx=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See Documentation/scsi/aic7xxx.txt.
  
  	aic79xx=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See Documentation/scsi/aic79xx.txt.

  	amijoy.map=	[HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
  			Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
  			Format: <a>,<b>
  			See also Documentation/kernel/input/joystick.txt
  
  	analog.map=	[HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
  			Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
  			connected to one of 16 gameports
  			Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>

  	apc=		[HW,SPARC]
  			Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)

  			Format: noidle
  			Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
  			not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
  			APC and your system crashes randomly.

  	apic=		[APIC,i386] Change the output verbosity whilst booting

  			Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
  			Change the amount of debugging information output
  			when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.

  	apm=		[APM] Advanced Power Management
  			See header of arch/i386/kernel/apm.c.
  
  	applicom=	[HW]
  			Format: <mem>,<irq>

  	arcrimi=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
  
  	ataflop=	[HW,M68k]
  
  	atarimouse=	[HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
  
  	atascsi=	[HW,SCSI] Atari SCSI
  
  	atkbd.extra=	[HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
  			EzKey and similar keyboards
  
  	atkbd.reset=	[HW] Reset keyboard during initialization

  	atkbd.set=	[HW] Select keyboard code set
  			Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)

  
  	atkbd.scroll=	[HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
  			keyboards
  
  	atkbd.softraw=	[HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
  			Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))

  
  	atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
  			Use software keyboard repeat

  
  	autotest	[IA64]

  	aztcd=		[HW,CD] Aztech CD268 CDROM driver
  			Format: <io>,0x79 (?)
  
  	baycom_epp=	[HW,AX25]
  			Format: <io>,<mode>

  	baycom_par=	[HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
  			Format: <io>,<mode>
  			See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.

  	baycom_ser_fdx=	[HW,AX25]
  			BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)

  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
  			See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.

  	baycom_ser_hdx=	[HW,AX25]
  			BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)

  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
  			See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
  
  	blkmtd_device=	[HW,MTD]
  	blkmtd_erasesz=
  	blkmtd_ro=
  	blkmtd_bs=
  	blkmtd_count=
  
  	bttv.card=	[HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)

  	bttv.radio=	Most important insmod options are available as
  			kernel args too.

  	bttv.pll=	See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
  	bttv.tuner=	and Documentation/video4linux/bttv/CARDLIST
  
  	BusLogic=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See drivers/scsi/BusLogic.c, comment before function
  			BusLogic_ParseDriverOptions().
  
  	c101=		[NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
  
  	cachesize=	[BUGS=IA-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
  			Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
  			size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
  			to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
  			possible to determine what the correct size should be.
  			This option provides an override for these situations.
  
  	cdu31a=		[HW,CD]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>[,PAS]
  			See header of drivers/cdrom/cdu31a.c.
  
  	chandev=	[HW,NET] Generic channel device initialisation
  
  	checkreqprot	[SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
  			Format: { "0" | "1" }
  			See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.

  			0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
  				any implied execute protection).

  			1 -- check protection requested by application.
  			Default value is set via a kernel config option.

  			Value can be changed at runtime via
  				/selinux/checkreqprot.

  	clock=		[BUGS=IA-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override.
  			[Deprecated]

  			Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used

  			when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified

  			clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT.

  			Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }

  	disable_8254_timer
  	enable_8254_timer
  			[IA32/X86_64] Disable/Enable interrupt 0 timer routing
  			over the 8254 in addition to over the IO-APIC. The
  			kernel tries to set a sensible default.

  	hpet=		[IA-32,HPET] option to disable HPET and use PIT.
  			Format: disable
  
  	cm206=		[HW,CD]
  			Format: { auto | [<io>,][<irq>] }
  
  	com20020=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset

  			Format:
  			<io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]

  
  	com90io=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
  			Format: <io>[,<irq>]

  	com90xx=	[HW,NET]
  			ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)

  			Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
  
  	condev=		[HW,S390] console device
  	conmode=

  	console=	[KNL] Output console device and options.
  
  		tty<n>	Use the virtual console device <n>.
  
  		ttyS<n>[,options]

  		ttyUSB0[,options]

  			Use the specified serial port.  The options are of

  			the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
  			"p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of
  			bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or
  			omit it).  Default is "9600n8".
  
  			See Documentation/serial-console.txt for more
  			information.  See
  			Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt for an
  			alternative.

  
  		uart,io,<addr>[,options]
  		uart,mmio,<addr>[,options]
  			Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
  			UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
  			switching to the matching ttyS device later.  The
  			options are the same as for ttyS, above.
  
  	cpcihp_generic=	[HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver

  			Format:
  			<first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]

  
  	cpia_pp=	[HW,PPT]
  			Format: { parport<nr> | auto | none }

  	crashkernel=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
  			[KNL] Reserve a chunk of physical memory to
  			hold a kernel to switch to with kexec on panic.

  	cs4232=		[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<mpuio>,<mpuirq>
  
  	cs89x0_dma=	[HW,NET]
  			Format: <dma>
  
  	cs89x0_media=	[HW,NET]
  			Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }

  	cyclades=	[HW,SERIAL] Cyclades multi-serial port adapter.

  
  	dasd=		[HW,NET]

  			See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
  
  	db9.dev[2|3]=	[HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
  			(one device per port)
  			Format: <port#>,<type>
  			See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
  
  	debug		[KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).

  	debug_locks_verbose=
  			[KNL] verbose self-tests
  			Format=<0|1>
  			Print debugging info while doing the locking API
  			self-tests.
  			We default to 0 (no extra messages), setting it to
  			1 will print _a lot_ more information - normally
  			only useful to kernel developers.

  	decnet=		[HW,NET]
  			Format: <area>[,<node>]
  			See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.

  	dhash_entries=	[KNL]
  			Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.

  	digi=		[HW,SERIAL]
  			IO parameters + enable/disable command.
  
  	digiepca=	[HW,SERIAL]
  			See drivers/char/README.epca and
  			Documentation/digiepca.txt.
  
  	dmascc=		[HW,AX25,SERIAL] AX.25 Z80SCC driver with DMA
  			support available.
  			Format: <io_dev0>[,<io_dev1>[,..<io_dev32>]]
  
  	dmasound=	[HW,OSS] Sound subsystem buffers
  
  	dscc4.setup=	[NET]
  
  	dtc3181e=	[HW,SCSI]

  	earlyprintk=	[IA-32,X86-64]

  			earlyprintk=vga
  			earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]

  			Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console

  			takes over.
  
  			Only vga or serial at a time, not both.
  
  			Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 are supported.
  
  			Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
  			very good.
  
  			The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real
  			console.
  
  	eata=		[HW,SCSI]

  	ec_intr=	[HW,ACPI] ACPI Embedded Controller interrupt mode
  			Format: <int>
  			0: polling mode
  			non-0: interrupt mode (default)

  	eda=		[HW,PS2]
  
  	edb=		[HW,PS2]
  
  	edd=		[EDD]
  			Format: {"of[f]" | "sk[ipmbr]"}
  			See comment in arch/i386/boot/edd.S

  	eicon=		[HW,ISDN]

  			Format: <id>,<membase>,<irq>
  
  	eisa_irq_edge=	[PARISC,HW]
  			See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
  
  	elanfreq=	[IA-32]
  			See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
  			arch/i386/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
  
  	elevator=	[IOSCHED]

  			Format: {"anticipatory" | "cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}

  			See Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt and
  			Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.

  	elfcorehdr=	[IA-32, X86_64]

  			Specifies physical address of start of kernel core

  			image elf header. Generally kexec loader will
  			pass this option to capture kernel.
  			See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details.

  
  	enforcing	[SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
  			Format: {"0" | "1"}
  			See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
  			0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
  			1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
  			Default value is 0.
  			Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.

  	es1371=		[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <spdif>,[<nomix>,[<amplifier>]]
  			See also header of sound/oss/es1371.c.

  	ether=		[HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
  			This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
  			has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
  
  	eurwdt=		[HW,WDT] Eurotech CPU-1220/1410 onboard watchdog.
  			Format: <io>[,<irq>]

  	failslab=
  	fail_page_alloc=
  	fail_make_request=[KNL]
  			General fault injection mechanism.
  			Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
  			See also /Documentation/fault-injection/.

  	fd_mcs=		[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/fd_mcs.c.
  
  	fdomain=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/fdomain.c.
  
  	floppy=		[HW]
  			See Documentation/floppy.txt.

  	gamecon.map[2|3]=
  			[HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
  			support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
  			Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
  			See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
  
  	gamma=		[HW,DRM]
  
  	gdth=		[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/gdth.c.
  
  	gpt		[EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
  			invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT.
  
  	gscd=		[HW,CD]
  			Format: <io>

  	gvp11=		[HW,SCSI]
  
  	hashdist=	[KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
  			are distributed across NUMA nodes.  Defaults on
  			for IA-64, off otherwise.

  			Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)

  
  	hcl=		[IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
  
  	hd=		[EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
  			Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
  
  	hd?=		[HW] (E)IDE subsystem
  	hd?lun=		See Documentation/ide.txt.
  
  	highmem=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
  			size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
  			highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
  			size on bigger boxes.
  
  	hisax=		[HW,ISDN]
  			See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
  
  	hugepages=	[HW,IA-32,IA-64] Maximal number of HugeTLB pages.

  	i8042.direct	[HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode

  	i8042.dumbkbd	[HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from
  			     keyboard and cannot control its state

  			     (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
  	i8042.noaux	[HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port

  	i8042.nokbd	[HW] Don't check/create keyboard port

  	i8042.nomux	[HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
  			     controller
  	i8042.nopnp	[HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
  			     controllers
  	i8042.panicblink=
  			[HW] Frequency with which keyboard LEDs should blink
  			     when kernel panics (default is 0.5 sec)
  	i8042.reset	[HW] Reset the controller during init and cleanup
  	i8042.unlock	[HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
  
  	i810=		[HW,DRM]

  	i8k.ignore_dmi	[HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data
  			indicates that the driver is running on unsupported
  			hardware.

  	i8k.force	[HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature
  			does not match list of supported models.
  	i8k.power_status
  			[HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
  			(disabled by default)
  	i8k.restricted	[HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
  			capability is set.
  
  	ibmmcascsi=	[HW,MCA,SCSI] IBM MicroChannel SCSI adapter
  			See Documentation/mca.txt.
  
  	icn=		[HW,ISDN]
  			Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
  
  	ide=		[HW] (E)IDE subsystem
  			Format: ide=nodma or ide=doubler or ide=reverse
  			See Documentation/ide.txt.
  
  	ide?=		[HW] (E)IDE subsystem
  			Format: ide?=noprobe or chipset specific parameters.
  			See Documentation/ide.txt.

  	idebus=		[HW] (E)IDE subsystem - VLB/PCI bus speed
  			See Documentation/ide.txt.
  
  	idle=		[HW]
  			Format: idle=poll or idle=halt

  	ignore_loglevel	[KNL]
  			Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
  			kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.

  	ihash_entries=	[KNL]
  			Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
  
  	in2000=		[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/in2000.c.
  
  	init=		[KNL]
  			Format: <full_path>
  			Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
  			process.
  
  	initcall_debug	[KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed.  Useful
  			for working out where the kernel is dying during
  			startup.
  
  	initrd=		[BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
  
  	inport.irq=	[HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
  			Format: <irq>

  	combined_mode=	[HW] control which driver uses IDE ports in combined
  			mode: legacy IDE driver, libata, or both
  			(in the libata case, libata.atapi_enabled=1 may be
  			useful as well).  Note that using the ide or libata
  			options may affect your device naming (e.g. by
  			changing hdc to sdb).
  			Format: combined (default), ide, or libata

  	inttest=	[IA64]
  
  	io7=		[HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
  			See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
  			arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
  
  	ip=		[IP_PNP]
  			See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
  
  	ip2=		[HW] Set IO/IRQ pairs for up to 4 IntelliPort boards
  			See comment before ip2_setup() in drivers/char/ip2.c.
  
  	ips=		[HW,SCSI] Adaptec / IBM ServeRAID controller
  			See header of drivers/scsi/ips.c.

  	ports=		[IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
  			Default is 21.
  			Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
  			may be specified.
  			Format: <port>,<port>....

  	irqfixup	[HW]
  			When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
  			for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
  			firmware running.
  
  	irqpoll		[HW]
  			When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
  			for it. Also check all handlers each timer
  			interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken
  			firmware running.

  	isapnp=		[ISAPNP]

  			Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>

  
  	isolcpus=	[KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.

  			Format:
  			<cpu number>,...,<cpu number>
  			or
  			<cpu number>-<cpu number>  (must be a positive range in ascending order)
  			or a mixture
  			<cpu number>,...,<cpu number>-<cpu number>

  			This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs
  			to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
  			algorithms. The only way to move a process onto or off
  			an "isolated" CPU is via the CPU affinity syscalls.
  			<cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
  			"number of CPUs in system - 1".
  
  			This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The

  			alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all
  			tasks in the system -- can cause problems and
  			suboptimal load balancer performance.

  
  	isp16=		[HW,CD]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<setup>

  	iucv=		[HW,NET]

  
  	js=		[HW,JOY] Analog joystick
  			See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
  
  	keepinitrd	[HW,ARM]

  	kstack=N	[IA-32,X86-64] Print N words from the kernel stack

  			in oops dumps.
  
  	l2cr=		[PPC]

  	lapic		[IA-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
  			disabled it.

  
  	lasi=		[HW,SCSI] PARISC LASI driver for the 53c700 chip
  			Format: addr:<io>,irq:<irq>

  	llsc*=		[IA64] See function print_params() in
  			arch/ia64/sn/kernel/llsc4.c.

  
  	load_ramdisk=	[RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
  			See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.

  	lockd.nlm_grace_period=P  [NFS] Assign grace period.
  			Format: <integer>

  	lockd.nlm_tcpport=N	[NFS] Assign TCP port.
  			Format: <integer>
  
  	lockd.nlm_timeout=T	[NFS] Assign timeout value.
  			Format: <integer>
  
  	lockd.nlm_udpport=M	[NFS] Assign UDP port.
  			Format: <integer>

  
  	logibm.irq=	[HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
  			Format: <irq>
  
  	loglevel=	All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
  			console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
  			also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
  			loglevels are defined as follows:
  
  			0 (KERN_EMERG)		system is unusable
  			1 (KERN_ALERT)		action must be taken immediately
  			2 (KERN_CRIT)		critical conditions
  			3 (KERN_ERR)		error conditions
  			4 (KERN_WARNING)	warning conditions
  			5 (KERN_NOTICE)		normal but significant condition
  			6 (KERN_INFO)		informational
  			7 (KERN_DEBUG)		debug-level messages
  
  	log_buf_len=n	Sets the size of the printk ring buffer, in bytes.

  			Format: { n | nk | nM }
  			n must be a power of two.  The default size
  			is set in the kernel config file.

  
  	lp=0		[LP]	Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
  	lp=port[,port...]	lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
  	lp=reset		first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
  	lp=auto			printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
  				specified in addition to the ports) causes
  				attached printers to be reset. Using
  				lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
  				to associate lp devices with, starting with
  				lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
  				that lp device, or a parport name such as
  				'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
  				port specification list means that device IDs
  				from each port should be examined, to see if
  				an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
  				so, the driver will manage that printer.
  				See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
  
  	lpj=n		[KNL]
  			Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
  			time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
  			CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
  			the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
  			autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
  			on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
  			which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
  			significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
  			will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
  			unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
  			unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
  			hardware.
  
  	ltpc=		[NET]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>

  	mac5380=	[HW,SCSI] Format:
  			<can_queue>,<cmd_per_lun>,<sg_tablesize>,<hostid>,<use_tags>

  	mac53c9x=	[HW,SCSI] Format:
  			<num_esps>,<disconnect>,<nosync>,<can_queue>,<cmd_per_lun>,<sg_tablesize>,<hostid>,<use_tags>

  	machvec=	[IA64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
  			(machvec) in a generic kernel.
  			Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb

  	max_loop=	[LOOP] Maximum number of loopback devices that can

  			be mounted
  			Format: <1-256>
  
  	maxcpus=	[SMP] Maximum number of processors that	an SMP kernel
  			should make use of

  	max_addr=[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater than or
  			equal to this physical address is ignored.

  	max_luns=	[SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs to probe.

  			Should be between 1 and 2^32-1.
  
  	max_report_luns=

  			[SCSI] Maximum number of LUNs received.

  			Should be between 1 and 16384.
  
  	mca-pentium	[BUGS=IA-32]
  
  	mcatest=	[IA-64]
  
  	mcd=		[HW,CD]
  			Format: <port>,<irq>,<mitsumi_bug_93_wait>
  
  	mcdx=		[HW,CD]
  
  	mce		[IA-32] Machine Check Exception
  
  	md=		[HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
  			See Documentation/md.txt.

  	mdacon=		[MDA]
  			Format: <first>,<last>
  			Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.

  	mem=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
  			Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
  			to see the whole system memory or for test.
  			[IA-32] Use together with memmap= to avoid physical
  			address space collisions. Without memmap= PCI devices
  			could be placed at addresses belonging to unused RAM.
  
  	mem=nopentium	[BUGS=IA-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
  			memory.

  	memmap=exactmap	[KNL,IA-32,X86_64] Enable setting of an exact

  			E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
  			Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
  			BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
  			option description.
  
  	memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
  			[KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory
  			Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
  
  	memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
  			[KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
  			Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
  
  	memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
  			[KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
  			Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
  
  	meye.*=		[HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters
  			See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt.
  
  	mga=		[HW,DRM]

  	migration_cost=
  			[KNL,SMP] debug: override scheduler migration costs
  			Format: <level-1-usecs>,<level-2-usecs>,...
  			This debugging option can be used to override the
  			default scheduler migration cost matrix. The numbers
  			are indexed by 'CPU domain distance'.
  			E.g. migration_cost=1000,2000,3000 on an SMT NUMA
  			box will set up an intra-core migration cost of
  			1 msec, an inter-core migration cost of 2 msecs,
  			and an inter-node migration cost of 3 msecs.
  
  			WARNING: using the wrong values here can break
  			scheduler performance, so it's only for scheduler
  			development purposes, not production environments.
  
  	migration_debug=
  			[KNL,SMP] migration cost auto-detect verbosity
  			Format=<0|1|2>
  			If a system's migration matrix reported at bootup
  			seems erroneous then this option can be used to
  			increase verbosity of the detection process.
  			We default to 0 (no extra messages), 1 will print
  			some more information, and 2 will be really
  			verbose (probably only useful if you also have a
  			serial console attached to the system).
  
  	migration_factor=
  			[KNL,SMP] multiply/divide migration costs by a factor
  			Format=<percent>
  			This debug option can be used to proportionally
  			increase or decrease the auto-detected migration
  			costs for all entries of the migration matrix.
  			E.g. migration_factor=150 will increase migration
  			costs by 50%. (and thus the scheduler will be less
  			eager migrating cache-hot tasks)
  			migration_factor=80 will decrease migration costs
  			by 20%. (thus the scheduler will be more eager to
  			migrate tasks)
  
  			WARNING: using the wrong values here can break
  			scheduler performance, so it's only for scheduler
  			development purposes, not production environments.

  	mousedev.tap_time=
  			[MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
  			leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
  			a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
  			touchpads working in absolute mode only).
  			Format: <msecs>
  	mousedev.xres=	[MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
  			reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
  	mousedev.yres=	[MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
  			reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
  
  	mpu401=		[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>
  
  	MTD_Partition=	[MTD]
  			Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>

  	MTD_Region=	[MTD] Format:
  			<name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]

  
  	mtdparts=	[MTD]
  			See drivers/mtd/cmdline.c.
  
  	mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=

  			[HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
  			('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')

  
  	n2=		[NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
  
  	NCR_D700=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/NCR_D700.c.
  
  	ncr5380=	[HW,SCSI]
  
  	ncr53c400=	[HW,SCSI]
  
  	ncr53c400a=	[HW,SCSI]
  
  	ncr53c406a=	[HW,SCSI]
  
  	ncr53c8xx=	[HW,SCSI]
  
  	netdev=		[NET] Network devices parameters
  			Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
  			Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
  			something different and driver-specific.

  			This usage is only documented in each driver source
  			file if at all.

  	nfsaddrs=	[NFS]
  			See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
  
  	nfsroot=	[NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
  			See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.

  	nfs.callback_tcpport=
  			[NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback
  			channel should listen.

  	nfs.idmap_cache_timeout=
  			[NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache
  			entries.

  	nmi_watchdog=	[KNL,BUGS=IA-32] Debugging features for SMP kernels
  
  	no387		[BUGS=IA-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
  			emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
  			is present.

  	noaliencache	[MM, NUMA] Disables the allcoation of alien caches in
  			the slab allocator.  Saves per-node memory, but will
  			impact performance on real NUMA hardware.

  	noalign		[KNL,ARM]

  	noapic		[SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
  			IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
  
  	noasync		[HW,M68K] Disables async and sync negotiation for
  			all devices.
  
  	nobats		[PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem
  			on "Classic" PPC cores.
  
  	nocache		[ARM]

  	nodelayacct	[KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting

  	nodisconnect	[HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.
  
  	noexec		[IA-64]

  	noexec		[IA-32,X86-64]

  			noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
  			noexec=off: disable nn-executable mappings

  	nofxsr		[BUGS=IA-32] Disables x86 floating point extended
  			register save and restore. The kernel will only save
  			legacy floating-point registers on task switch.

  
  	nohlt		[BUGS=ARM]

  	no-hlt		[BUGS=IA-32] Tells the kernel that the hlt
  			instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
  			use it.
  
  	nohalt		[IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
  			function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
  			power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
  			interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
  			in certain environments such as networked servers or
  			real-time systems.

  	noirqbalance	[IA-32,SMP,KNL] Disable kernel irq balancing

  	noirqdebug	[IA-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
  			disable unhandled interrupt sources.

  	no_timer_check	[IA-32,X86_64,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
  			broken timer IRQ sources.

  	noisapnp	[ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
  
  	noinitrd	[RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
  			initial RAM disk.
  
  	nointroute	[IA-64]
  
  	nolapic		[IA-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
  
  	noltlbs		[PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
  			lowmem mapping on PPC40x.

  	nomca		[IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling

  	nomce		[IA-32] Machine Check Exception

  	noresidual	[PPC] Don't use residual data on PReP machines.

  	noresume	[SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
  			space.

  	no-scroll	[VGA] Disables scrollback.
  			This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
  			reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
  
  	nosbagart	[IA-64]

  	nosep		[BUGS=IA-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support.

  	nosmp		[SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel.
  
  	nosync		[HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
  
  	notsc		[BUGS=IA-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter
  
  	nousb		[USB] Disable the USB subsystem
  
  	nowb		[ARM]

  	nr_uarts=	[SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.

  	opl3=		[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>

  	opl3sa2=	[HW,OSS] Format:
  			<io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<mss_io>,<mpu_io>,<ymode>,<loopback>[,<isapnp>,<multiple]

  	oprofile.timer=	[HW]
  			Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
  
  	optcd=		[HW,CD]
  			Format: <io>
  
  	osst=		[HW,SCSI] SCSI Tape Driver
  			Format: <buffer_size>,<write_threshold>
  			See also Documentation/scsi/st.txt.
  
  	panic=		[KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic
  			Format: <timeout>
  
  	parkbd.port=	[HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
  			connected to, default is 0.
  			Format: <parport#>
  	parkbd.mode=	[HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
  			0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).

  			Format: <mode>
  
  	parport=	[HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
  			Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
  			Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
  			IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
  			ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
  			possible conflicts). You can specify the base
  			address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
  			should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
  			settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
  			(to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
  			Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
  			are specified on the command line, starting
  			with parport0.
  
  	parport_init_mode=	[HW,PPT]
  			Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
  			a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
  			computer where firmware has no options for setting
  			up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
  			Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.

  			Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]

  	pas2=		[HW,OSS] Format:
  			<io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma16>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<sb_dma16>

  	pas16=		[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/pas16.c.

  	pause_on_oops=
  			Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for
  			the specified number of seconds.  This is to be used if
  			your oopses keep scrolling off the screen.

  	pcbit=		[HW,ISDN]
  
  	pcd.		[PARIDE]
  			See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
  			See also Documentation/paride.txt.

  	pci=option[,option...]	[PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
  		off		[IA-32] don't probe for the PCI bus
  		bios		[IA-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
  				the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
  				has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
  		nobios		[IA-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
  				hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
  				if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
  				suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
  		conf1		[IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration
  				Mechanism 1.
  		conf2		[IA-32] Force use of PCI Configuration
  				Mechanism 2.

  		nommconf	[IA-32,X86_64] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
  				Configuration

  		nomsi		[MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
  				enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
  				disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide.

  		nosort		[IA-32] Don't sort PCI devices according to
  				order given by the PCI BIOS. This sorting is
  				done to get a device order compatible with
  				older kernels.
  		biosirq		[IA-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
  				routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
  				on several machines and they hang the machine
  				when used, but on other computers it's the only
  				way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
  				this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
  				IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
  				motherboard.
  		rom		[IA-32] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
  				Use with caution as certain devices share
  				address decoders between ROMs and other
  				resources.
  		irqmask=0xMMMM	[IA-32] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
  				assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
  				make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
  				this way.

  		pirqaddr=0xAAAAA	[IA-32] Specify the physical address

  				of the PIRQ table (normally generated
  				by the BIOS) if it is outside the
  				F0000h-100000h range.
  		lastbus=N	[IA-32] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
  				useful if the kernel is unable to find your
  				secondary buses and you want to tell it
  				explicitly which ones they are.
  		assign-busses	[IA-32] Always assign all PCI bus
  				numbers ourselves, overriding
  				whatever the firmware may have done.
  		usepirqmask	[IA-32] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
  				in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
  				some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
  				some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
  				notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
  				IRQ routing is enabled.
  		noacpi		[IA-32] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
  				or for PCI scanning.
  		routeirq	Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
  				This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
  				so this option is a temporary workaround
  				for broken drivers that don't call it.
  		firmware	[ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead
  				just use the configuration from the
  				bootloader. This is currently used on
  				IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be
  				configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs.

  		noearly		[X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning.
  				This might help on some broken boards which
  				machine check when some devices' config space
  				is read. But various workarounds are disabled
  				and some IOMMU drivers will not work.

  		bfsort		Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
  				This sorting is done to get a device
  				order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels.
  		nobfsort	Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.

  	pcmv=		[HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
  
  	pd.		[PARIDE]
  			See Documentation/paride.txt.
  
  	pdcchassis=	[PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
  			boot time.
  			Format: { 0 | 1 }
  			See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
  
  	pf.		[PARIDE]
  			See Documentation/paride.txt.
  
  	pg.		[PARIDE]
  			See Documentation/paride.txt.
  
  	pirq=		[SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
  			See Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt.
  
  	plip=		[PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
  			Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
  			See also Documentation/parport.txt.
  
  	pnpacpi=	[ACPI]
  			{ off }
  
  	pnpbios=	[ISAPNP]
  			{ on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
  
  	pnp_reserve_irq=
  			[ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
  
  	pnp_reserve_dma=
  			[ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
  
  	pnp_reserve_io=	[ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration

  			Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).

  
  	pnp_reserve_mem=

  			[ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
  			autoconfiguration.

  			Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
  
  	profile=	[KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile

  			Format: [schedule,]<number>
  			Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
  			Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
  				statistical time based profiling.

  			Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs)

  	processor.max_cstate=	[HW,ACPI]

  			Limit processor to maximum C-state
  			max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.

  	processor.nocst	[HW,ACPI]
  			Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
  			instead using the legacy FADT method

  	prompt_ramdisk=	[RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
  			before loading.
  			See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.

  	psmouse.proto=	[HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
  			probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).

  	psmouse.rate=	[HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
  			per second.

  	psmouse.resetafter=	[HW,MOUSE]
  			Try to reset the device after so many bad packets

  			(0 = never).
  	psmouse.resolution=
  			[HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
  	psmouse.smartscroll=

  			[HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.

  			0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
  
  	pss=		[HW,OSS] Personal Sound System (ECHO ESC614)

  			Format:
  			<io>,<mss_io>,<mss_irq>,<mss_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>

  
  	pt.		[PARIDE]
  			See Documentation/paride.txt.

  	quiet		[KNL] Disable most log messages

  	r128=		[HW,DRM]
  
  	raid=		[HW,RAID]
  			See Documentation/md.txt.
  
  	ramdisk=	[RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes [deprecated]
  			See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.

  	ramdisk_blocksize=	[RAM]

  			See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.

  	ramdisk_size=	[RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
  			New name for the ramdisk parameter.
  			See Documentation/ramdisk.txt.

  	rcu.blimit=	[KNL,BOOT] Set maximum number of finished
  			RCU callbacks to process in one batch.
  
  	rcu.qhimark=	[KNL,BOOT] Set threshold of queued
  			RCU callbacks over which batch limiting is disabled.
  
  	rcu.qlowmark=	[KNL,BOOT] Set threshold of queued
  			RCU callbacks below which batch limiting is re-enabled.

  	rdinit=		[KNL]
  			Format: <full_path>
  			Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,
  			used for early userspace startup. See initrd.

  	reboot=		[BUGS=IA-32,BUGS=ARM,BUGS=IA-64] Rebooting mode
  			Format: <reboot_mode>[,<reboot_mode2>[,...]]

  			See arch/*/kernel/reboot.c or arch/*/kernel/process.c			

  
  	reserve=	[KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area

  	reservetop=	[IA-32]
  			Format: nn[KMG]
  			Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual
  			address space.

  	reset_devices	[KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device
  			during initialization.

  	resume=		[SWSUSP]
  			Specify the partition device for software suspend

  	resume_offset=	[SWSUSP]
  			Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition
  			given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located,
  			in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files).
  			See  Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.txt

  	rhash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
  			Set number of hash buckets for route cache
  
  	riscom8=	[HW,SERIAL]
  			Format: <io_board1>[,<io_board2>[,...<io_boardN>]]
  
  	ro		[KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
  
  	root=		[KNL] Root filesystem
  
  	rootdelay=	[KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
  			mount the root filesystem
  
  	rootflags=	[KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
  
  	rootfstype=	[KNL] Set root filesystem type
  
  	rw		[KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
  
  	S		[KNL] Run init in single mode
  
  	sa1100ir	[NET]
  			See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
  
  	sb=		[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>
  
  	sbni=		[NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter

  	sbpcd=		[HW,CD] Soundblaster CD adapter
  			Format: <io>,<type>
  			See a comment before function sbpcd_setup() in
  			drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.c.
  
  	sc1200wdt=	[HW,WDT] SC1200 WDT (watchdog) driver
  			Format: <io>[,<timeout>[,<isapnp>]]
  
  	scsi_debug_*=	[SCSI]
  			See drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c.
  
  	scsi_default_dev_flags=
  			[SCSI] SCSI default device flags
  			Format: <integer>
  
  	scsi_dev_flags=	[SCSI] Black/white list entry for vendor and model
  			Format: <vendor>:<model>:<flags>
  			(flags are integer value)
  
  	scsi_logging=	[SCSI]

  	scsi_mod.scan=	[SCSI] sync (default) scans SCSI busses as they are
  			discovered.  async scans them in kernel threads,
  			allowing boot to proceed.  none ignores them, expecting
  			user space to do the scan.

  	selinux		[SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
  			Format: { "0" | "1" }
  			See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
  			0 -- disable.
  			1 -- enable.
  			Default value is set via kernel config option.
  			If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used
  			later to disable prior to initial policy load.

  	selinux_compat_net =
  			[SELINUX] Set initial selinux_compat_net flag value.
                          Format: { "0" | "1" }
                          0 -- use new secmark-based packet controls
                          1 -- use legacy packet controls
                          Default value is 0 (preferred).
                          Value can be changed at runtime via
                          /selinux/compat_net.

  	serialnumber	[BUGS=IA-32]

  	sg_def_reserved_size=	[SCSI]

  	shapers=	[NET]
  			Maximal number of shapers.

  	sim710=		[SCSI,HW]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/sim710.c.
  
  	simeth=		[IA-64]
  	simscsi=

  	sjcd=		[HW,CD]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
  			See header of drivers/cdrom/sjcd.c.
  
  	slram=		[HW,MTD]
  
  	smart2=		[HW]
  			Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
  
  	snd-ad1816a=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-ad1848=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-ali5451=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-als100=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-als4000=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-azt2320=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-cmi8330=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-cmipci=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-cs4231=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-cs4232=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-cs4236=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-cs4281=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-cs46xx=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-dt019x=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-dummy=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-emu10k1=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-ens1370=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-ens1371=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-es968=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-es1688=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-es18xx=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-es1938=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-es1968=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-fm801=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-gusclassic=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-gusextreme=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-gusmax=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-hdsp=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-ice1712=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-intel8x0=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-interwave=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-interwave-stb=
  			[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-korg1212=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-maestro3=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-mpu401=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-mtpav=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-nm256=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-opl3sa2=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-opti92x-ad1848=
  			[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-opti92x-cs4231=
  			[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-opti93x=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-pmac=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-rme32=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-rme96=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-rme9652=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-sb8=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-sb16=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-sbawe=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-serial=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-sgalaxy=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-sonicvibes=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-sun-amd7930=
  			[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-sun-cs4231=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-trident=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-usb-audio=	[HW,ALSA,USB]
  
  	snd-via82xx=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-virmidi=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-wavefront=	[HW,ALSA]
  
  	snd-ymfpci=	[HW,ALSA]

  	sonycd535=	[HW,CD]
  			Format: <io>[,<irq>]
  
  	sonypi.*=	[HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
  			See Documentation/sonypi.txt
  
  	specialix=	[HW,SERIAL] Specialix multi-serial port adapter
  			See Documentation/specialix.txt.
  
  	spia_io_base=	[HW,MTD]
  	spia_fio_base=
  	spia_pedr=
  	spia_peddr=
  
  	sscape=		[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>

  	st=		[HW,SCSI] SCSI tape parameters (buffers, etc.)
  			See Documentation/scsi/st.txt.
  
  	st0x=		[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/seagate.c.
  
  	sti=		[PARISC,HW]
  			Format: <num>
  			Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
  			machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
  			as the initial boot-console.
  			See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
  
  	sti_font=	[HW]
  			See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
  
  	stifb=		[HW]
  			Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]

  	swiotlb=	[IA-64] Number of I/O TLB slabs

  	switches=	[HW,M68k]
  
  	sym53c416=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/sym53c416.c.

  	sysrq_always_enabled
  			[KNL]
  			Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will
  			neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
  			Useful for debugging.

  	t128=		[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/t128.c.
  
  	tdfx=		[HW,DRM]
  
  	thash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
  			Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
  
  	time		Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line

  	clocksource=	[GENERIC_TIME] Override the default clocksource
  			Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource
  			with the name specified.

  	tipar.timeout=	[HW,PPT]
  			Set communications timeout in tenths of a second
  			(default 15).
  
  	tipar.delay=	[HW,PPT]
  			Set inter-bit delay in microseconds (default 10).
  
  	tmc8xx=		[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/seagate.c.
  
  	tmscsim=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See comment before function dc390_setup() in
  			drivers/scsi/tmscsim.c.
  
  	tp720=		[HW,PS2]
  
  	trix=		[HW,OSS] MediaTrix AudioTrix Pro

  			Format:
  			<io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>,<sb_io>,<sb_irq>,<sb_dma>,<mpu_io>,<mpu_irq>

  	tsdev.xres=	[TS] Horizontal screen resolution.
  	tsdev.yres=	[TS] Vertical screen resolution.

  	turbografx.map[2|3]=	[HW,JOY]
  			TurboGraFX parallel port interface
  			Format:
  			<port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>

  			See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
  
  	u14-34f=	[HW,SCSI] UltraStor 14F/34F SCSI host adapter
  			See header of drivers/scsi/u14-34f.c.
  
  	uart401=	[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>
  
  	uart6850=	[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>

  	uhci-hcd.ignore_oc=
  			[USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N).
  			Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of
  			bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to
  			anything.  Set this parameter to avoid log spamming.
  			Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be
  			reported either.

  	usbhid.mousepoll=
  			[USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.

  	vdso=		[IA-32]
  			vdso=1: enable VDSO (default)
  			vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping

  	video=		[FB] Frame buffer configuration
  			See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
  
  	vga=		[BOOT,IA-32] Select a particular video mode

  			See Documentation/i386/boot.txt and
  			Documentation/svga.txt.

  			Use vga=ask for menu.
  			This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
  			passed to the kernel using a special protocol.

  	vmalloc=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact

  			size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
  			minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
  			decrease the size and leave more room for directly
  			mapped kernel RAM.

  	vmhalt=		[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt.
  			Format: <command>

  	vmpanic=	[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic.
  			Format: <command>
  
  	vmpoff=		[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
  			Format: <command>

  	waveartist=	[HW,OSS]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>,<dma2>

  	wd33c93=	[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c.
  
  	wd7000=		[HW,SCSI]
  			See header of drivers/scsi/wd7000.c.
  
  	wdt=		[WDT] Watchdog
  			See Documentation/watchdog/watchdog.txt.
  
  	xd=		[HW,XT] Original XT pre-IDE (RLL encoded) disks.
  	xd_geo=		See header of drivers/block/xd.c.
  
  	xirc2ps_cs=	[NET,PCMCIA]

  			Format:
  			<irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]

  	norandmaps	Don't use address space randomization
  			Equivalent to echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space

   	unwind_debug=N 	N > 0 will enable dwarf2 unwinder debugging
  			This is useful to get more information why
  			you got a "dwarf2 unwinder stuck"

  ______________________________________________________________________

  
  TODO:
  
  	Add documentation for ALSA options.
  	Add more DRM drivers.