=================
  Symbol Namespaces
  =================
  
  The following document describes how to use Symbol Namespaces to structure the
  export surface of in-kernel symbols exported through the family of
  EXPORT_SYMBOL() macros.
  
  .. Table of Contents
  
  	=== 1 Introduction
  	=== 2 How to define Symbol Namespaces
  	   --- 2.1 Using the EXPORT_SYMBOL macros
  	   --- 2.2 Using the DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE define
  	=== 3 How to use Symbols exported in Namespaces
  	=== 4 Loading Modules that use namespaced Symbols
  	=== 5 Automatically creating MODULE_IMPORT_NS statements
  
  1. Introduction
  ===============
  
  Symbol Namespaces have been introduced as a means to structure the export
  surface of the in-kernel API. It allows subsystem maintainers to partition
  their exported symbols into separate namespaces. That is useful for
  documentation purposes (think of the SUBSYSTEM_DEBUG namespace) as well as for
  limiting the availability of a set of symbols for use in other parts of the
  kernel. As of today, modules that make use of symbols exported into namespaces,
  are required to import the namespace. Otherwise the kernel will, depending on
  its configuration, reject loading the module or warn about a missing import.
  
  2. How to define Symbol Namespaces
  ==================================
  
  Symbols can be exported into namespace using different methods. All of them are
  changing the way EXPORT_SYMBOL and friends are instrumented to create ksymtab
  entries.
  
  2.1 Using the EXPORT_SYMBOL macros
  ==================================
  
  In addition to the macros EXPORT_SYMBOL() and EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(), that allow
  exporting of kernel symbols to the kernel symbol table, variants of these are
  available to export symbols into a certain namespace: EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS() and
  EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL(). They take one additional argument: the namespace.
  Please note that due to macro expansion that argument needs to be a
  preprocessor symbol. E.g. to export the symbol `usb_stor_suspend` into the
  namespace `USB_STORAGE`, use::
  
  	EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS(usb_stor_suspend, USB_STORAGE);
  
  The corresponding ksymtab entry struct `kernel_symbol` will have the member
  `namespace` set accordingly. A symbol that is exported without a namespace will
  refer to `NULL`. There is no default namespace if none is defined. `modpost`
  and kernel/module.c make use the namespace at build time or module load time,
  respectively.
  
  2.2 Using the DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE define
  =============================================
  
  Defining namespaces for all symbols of a subsystem can be very verbose and may
  become hard to maintain. Therefore a default define (DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE)
  is been provided, that, if set, will become the default for all EXPORT_SYMBOL()
  and EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() macro expansions that do not specify a namespace.
  
  There are multiple ways of specifying this define and it depends on the
  subsystem and the maintainer's preference, which one to use. The first option
  is to define the default namespace in the `Makefile` of the subsystem. E.g. to
  export all symbols defined in usb-common into the namespace USB_COMMON, add a
  line like this to drivers/usb/common/Makefile::
  
  	ccflags-y += -DDEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE=USB_COMMON
  
  That will affect all EXPORT_SYMBOL() and EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() statements. A
  symbol exported with EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS() while this definition is present, will
  still be exported into the namespace that is passed as the namespace argument
  as this argument has preference over a default symbol namespace.
  
  A second option to define the default namespace is directly in the compilation
  unit as preprocessor statement. The above example would then read::
  
  	#undef  DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE
  	#define DEFAULT_SYMBOL_NAMESPACE USB_COMMON
  
  within the corresponding compilation unit before any EXPORT_SYMBOL macro is
  used.
  
  3. How to use Symbols exported in Namespaces
  ============================================
  
  In order to use symbols that are exported into namespaces, kernel modules need
  to explicitly import these namespaces. Otherwise the kernel might reject to
  load the module. The module code is required to use the macro MODULE_IMPORT_NS
  for the namespaces it uses symbols from. E.g. a module using the
  usb_stor_suspend symbol from above, needs to import the namespace USB_STORAGE
  using a statement like::
  
  	MODULE_IMPORT_NS(USB_STORAGE);
  
  This will create a `modinfo` tag in the module for each imported namespace.
  This has the side effect, that the imported namespaces of a module can be
  inspected with modinfo::
  
  	$ modinfo drivers/usb/storage/ums-karma.ko
  	[...]
  	import_ns:      USB_STORAGE
  	[...]
  
  
  It is advisable to add the MODULE_IMPORT_NS() statement close to other module
  metadata definitions like MODULE_AUTHOR() or MODULE_LICENSE(). Refer to section
  5. for a way to create missing import statements automatically.
  
  4. Loading Modules that use namespaced Symbols
  ==============================================
  
  At module loading time (e.g. `insmod`), the kernel will check each symbol
  referenced from the module for its availability and whether the namespace it
  might be exported to has been imported by the module. The default behaviour of
  the kernel is to reject loading modules that don't specify sufficient imports.
  An error will be logged and loading will be failed with EINVAL. In order to
  allow loading of modules that don't satisfy this precondition, a configuration
  option is available: Setting MODULE_ALLOW_MISSING_NAMESPACE_IMPORTS=y will
  enable loading regardless, but will emit a warning.
  
  5. Automatically creating MODULE_IMPORT_NS statements
  =====================================================
  
  Missing namespaces imports can easily be detected at build time. In fact,
  modpost will emit a warning if a module uses a symbol from a namespace
  without importing it.
  MODULE_IMPORT_NS() statements will usually be added at a definite location
  (along with other module meta data). To make the life of module authors (and
  subsystem maintainers) easier, a script and make target is available to fixup
  missing imports. Fixing missing imports can be done with::
  
  	$ make nsdeps
  
  A typical scenario for module authors would be::
  
  	- write code that depends on a symbol from a not imported namespace
  	- `make`
  	- notice the warning of modpost telling about a missing import
  	- run `make nsdeps` to add the import to the correct code location
  
  For subsystem maintainers introducing a namespace, the steps are very similar.
  Again, `make nsdeps` will eventually add the missing namespace imports for
  in-tree modules::
  
  	- move or add symbols to a namespace (e.g. with EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS())
  	- `make` (preferably with an allmodconfig to cover all in-kernel
  	  modules)
  	- notice the warning of modpost telling about a missing import
  	- run `make nsdeps` to add the import to the correct code location

  You can also run nsdeps for external module builds. A typical usage is::
  
  	$ make -C <path_to_kernel_src> M=$PWD nsdeps