PPS - Pulse Per Second
  			----------------------
  
  (C) Copyright 2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@enneenne.com>
  
  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.
  
  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  GNU General Public License for more details.
  
  
  
  Overview
  --------
  
  LinuxPPS provides a programming interface (API) to define in the
  system several PPS sources.
  
  PPS means "pulse per second" and a PPS source is just a device which
  provides a high precision signal each second so that an application
  can use it to adjust system clock time.
  
  A PPS source can be connected to a serial port (usually to the Data
  Carrier Detect pin) or to a parallel port (ACK-pin) or to a special
  CPU's GPIOs (this is the common case in embedded systems) but in each
  case when a new pulse arrives the system must apply to it a timestamp
  and record it for userland.
  
  Common use is the combination of the NTPD as userland program, with a
  GPS receiver as PPS source, to obtain a wallclock-time with
  sub-millisecond synchronisation to UTC.
  
  
  RFC considerations
  ------------------
  
  While implementing a PPS API as RFC 2783 defines and using an embedded
  CPU GPIO-Pin as physical link to the signal, I encountered a deeper
  problem:
  
     At startup it needs a file descriptor as argument for the function
     time_pps_create().
  
  This implies that the source has a /dev/... entry. This assumption is

  OK for the serial and parallel port, where you can do something

  useful besides(!) the gathering of timestamps as it is the central

  task for a PPS API. But this assumption does not work for a single

  purpose GPIO line. In this case even basic file-related functionality
  (like read() and write()) makes no sense at all and should not be a

  precondition for the use of a PPS API.

  
  The problem can be simply solved if you consider that a PPS source is
  not always connected with a GPS data source.
  
  So your programs should check if the GPS data source (the serial port
  for instance) is a PPS source too, and if not they should provide the
  possibility to open another device as PPS source.
  
  In LinuxPPS the PPS sources are simply char devices usually mapped

  into files /dev/pps0, /dev/pps1, etc.

  PPS with USB to serial devices
  ------------------------------
  
  It is possible to grab the PPS from an USB to serial device. However,
  you should take into account the latencies and jitter introduced by

  the USB stack. Users have reported clock instability around +-1ms when

  synchronized with PPS through USB. With USB 2.0, jitter may decrease
  down to the order of 125 microseconds.
  
  This may be suitable for time server synchronization with NTP because
  of its undersampling and algorithms.

  
  If your device doesn't report PPS, you can check that the feature is
  supported by its driver. Most of the time, you only need to add a call
  to usb_serial_handle_dcd_change after checking the DCD status (see
  ch341 and pl2303 examples).

  Coding example
  --------------
  
  To register a PPS source into the kernel you should define a struct

  pps_source_info as follows:

  
      static struct pps_source_info pps_ktimer_info = {
  	    .name         = "ktimer",
  	    .path         = "",

  	    .mode         = PPS_CAPTUREASSERT | PPS_OFFSETASSERT |
  			    PPS_ECHOASSERT |

  			    PPS_CANWAIT | PPS_TSFMT_TSPEC,
  	    .echo         = pps_ktimer_echo,
  	    .owner        = THIS_MODULE,
      };
  
  and then calling the function pps_register_source() in your

  initialization routine as follows:

  
      source = pps_register_source(&pps_ktimer_info,
  			PPS_CAPTUREASSERT | PPS_OFFSETASSERT);
  
  The pps_register_source() prototype is:

    int pps_register_source(struct pps_source_info *info, int default_params)

  
  where "info" is a pointer to a structure that describes a particular
  PPS source, "default_params" tells the system what the initial default
  parameters for the device should be (it is obvious that these parameters
  must be a subset of ones defined in the struct

  pps_source_info which describe the capabilities of the driver).

  
  Once you have registered a new PPS source into the system you can
  signal an assert event (for example in the interrupt handler routine)
  just using:
  
      pps_event(source, &ts, PPS_CAPTUREASSERT, ptr)
  
  where "ts" is the event's timestamp.
  
  The same function may also run the defined echo function
  (pps_ktimer_echo(), passing to it the "ptr" pointer) if the user
  asked for that... etc..

  Please see the file drivers/pps/clients/pps-ktimer.c for example code.

  
  
  SYSFS support
  -------------
  
  If the SYSFS filesystem is enabled in the kernel it provides a new class:
  
     $ ls /sys/class/pps/
     pps0/  pps1/  pps2/
  
  Every directory is the ID of a PPS sources defined in the system and
  inside you find several files:

     $ ls -F /sys/class/pps/pps0/
     assert     dev        mode       path       subsystem@
     clear      echo       name       power/     uevent

  
  Inside each "assert" and "clear" file you can find the timestamp and a
  sequence number:
  
     $ cat /sys/class/pps/pps0/assert
     1170026870.983207967#8
  
  Where before the "#" is the timestamp in seconds; after it is the
  sequence number. Other files are:

   * echo: reports if the PPS source has an echo function or not;

   * mode: reports available PPS functioning modes;

   * name: reports the PPS source's name;

   * path: reports the PPS source's device path, that is the device the
     PPS source is connected to (if it exists).

  
  
  Testing the PPS support
  -----------------------
  
  In order to test the PPS support even without specific hardware you can use

  the pps-ktimer driver (see the client subsection in the PPS configuration menu)

  and the userland tools available in your distribution's pps-tools package,

  http://linuxpps.org , or https://github.com/redlab-i/pps-tools.

  Once you have enabled the compilation of pps-ktimer just modprobe it (if

  not statically compiled):

     # modprobe pps-ktimer

  
  and the run ppstest as follow:

     $ ./ppstest /dev/pps1

     trying PPS source "/dev/pps1"
     found PPS source "/dev/pps1"
     ok, found 1 source(s), now start fetching data...
     source 0 - assert 1186592699.388832443, sequence: 364 - clear  0.000000000, sequence: 0
     source 0 - assert 1186592700.388931295, sequence: 365 - clear  0.000000000, sequence: 0
     source 0 - assert 1186592701.389032765, sequence: 366 - clear  0.000000000, sequence: 0

  Please note that to compile userland programs, you need the file timepps.h.

  This is available in the pps-tools repository mentioned above.

  
  
  Generators
  ----------
  
  Sometimes one needs to be able not only to catch PPS signals but to produce
  them also. For example, running a distributed simulation, which requires
  computers' clock to be synchronized very tightly. One way to do this is to
  invent some complicated hardware solutions but it may be neither necessary
  nor affordable. The cheap way is to load a PPS generator on one of the
  computers (master) and PPS clients on others (slaves), and use very simple
  cables to deliver signals using parallel ports, for example.
  
  Parallel port cable pinout:
  pin	name	master      slave
  1	STROBE	  *------     *
  2	D0	  *     |     *
  3	D1	  *     |     *
  4	D2	  *     |     *
  5	D3	  *     |     *
  6	D4	  *     |     *
  7	D5	  *     |     *
  8	D6	  *     |     *
  9	D7	  *     |     *
  10	ACK	  *     ------*
  11	BUSY	  *           *
  12	PE	  *           *
  13	SEL	  *           *
  14	AUTOFD	  *           *
  15	ERROR	  *           *
  16	INIT	  *           *
  17	SELIN	  *           *
  18-25	GND	  *-----------*
  
  Please note that parallel port interrupt occurs only on high->low transition,
  so it is used for PPS assert edge. PPS clear edge can be determined only
  using polling in the interrupt handler which actually can be done way more
  precisely because interrupt handling delays can be quite big and random. So
  current parport PPS generator implementation (pps_gen_parport module) is
  geared towards using the clear edge for time synchronization.
  
  Clear edge polling is done with disabled interrupts so it's better to select
  delay between assert and clear edge as small as possible to reduce system
  latencies. But if it is too small slave won't be able to capture clear edge
  transition. The default of 30us should be good enough in most situations.
  The delay can be selected using 'delay' pps_gen_parport module parameter.