.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
  
  ======================================
  Enhanced Read-Only File System - EROFS
  ======================================

  Overview
  ========
  
  EROFS file-system stands for Enhanced Read-Only File System. Different
  from other read-only file systems, it aims to be designed for flexibility,
  scalability, but be kept simple and high performance.
  
  It is designed as a better filesystem solution for the following scenarios:

   - read-only storage media or
  
   - part of a fully trusted read-only solution, which means it needs to be
     immutable and bit-for-bit identical to the official golden image for
     their releases due to security and other considerations and
  
   - hope to save some extra storage space with guaranteed end-to-end performance
     by using reduced metadata and transparent file compression, especially
     for those embedded devices with limited memory (ex, smartphone);
  
  Here is the main features of EROFS:

   - Little endian on-disk design;
  
   - Currently 4KB block size (nobh) and therefore maximum 16TB address space;
  
   - Metadata & data could be mixed by design;
  
   - 2 inode versions for different requirements:

  
     =====================  ============  =====================================

                            compact (v1)  extended (v2)

     =====================  ============  =====================================
     Inode metadata size    32 bytes      64 bytes
     Max file size          4 GB          16 EB (also limited by max. vol size)
     Max uids/gids          65536         4294967296
     File change time       no            yes (64 + 32-bit timestamp)
     Max hardlinks          65536         4294967296
     Metadata reserved      4 bytes       14 bytes
     =====================  ============  =====================================

  
   - Support extended attributes (xattrs) as an option;
  
   - Support xattr inline and tail-end data inline for all files;

   - Support POSIX.1e ACLs by using xattrs;

   - Support transparent file compression as an option:

     LZ4 algorithm with 4 KB fixed-sized output compression for high performance.

  
  The following git tree provides the file system user-space tools under
  development (ex, formatting tool mkfs.erofs):

  
  - git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/xiang/erofs-utils.git

  
  Bugs and patches are welcome, please kindly help us and send to the following
  linux-erofs mailing list:

  
  - linux-erofs mailing list   <linux-erofs@lists.ozlabs.org>

  Mount options
  =============

  ===================    =========================================================

  (no)user_xattr         Setup Extended User Attributes. Note: xattr is enabled
                         by default if CONFIG_EROFS_FS_XATTR is selected.
  (no)acl                Setup POSIX Access Control List. Note: acl is enabled
                         by default if CONFIG_EROFS_FS_POSIX_ACL is selected.

  cache_strategy=%s      Select a strategy for cached decompression from now on:

  
  		       ==========  =============================================
                           disabled  In-place I/O decompression only;
                          readahead  Cache the last incomplete compressed physical

                                     cluster for further reading. It still does
                                     in-place I/O decompression for the rest
                                     compressed physical clusters;

                         readaround  Cache the both ends of incomplete compressed

                                     physical clusters for further reading.
                                     It still does in-place I/O decompression
                                     for the rest compressed physical clusters.

  		       ==========  =============================================
  ===================    =========================================================

  
  On-disk details
  ===============
  
  Summary
  -------
  Different from other read-only file systems, an EROFS volume is designed

  to be as simple as possible::

  
                                  |-> aligned with the block size
     ____________________________________________________________
    | |SB| | ... | Metadata | ... | Data | Metadata | ... | Data |
    |_|__|_|_____|__________|_____|______|__________|_____|______|
    0 +1K
  
  All data areas should be aligned with the block size, but metadata areas
  may not. All metadatas can be now observed in two different spaces (views):

   1. Inode metadata space

      Each valid inode should be aligned with an inode slot, which is a fixed

      value (32 bytes) and designed to be kept in line with compact inode size.

  
      Each inode can be directly found with the following formula:
           inode offset = meta_blkaddr * block_size + 32 * nid

      ::
  
  				    |-> aligned with 8B
  					    |-> followed closely
  	+ meta_blkaddr blocks                                      |-> another slot
  	_____________________________________________________________________
  	|  ...   | inode |  xattrs  | extents  | data inline | ... | inode ...
  	|________|_______|(optional)|(optional)|__(optional)_|_____|__________
  		|-> aligned with the inode slot size
  		    .                   .
  		    .                         .
  		.                              .
  		.                                    .
  	    .                                         .
  	    .                                              .
  	.____________________________________________________|-> aligned with 4B
  	| xattr_ibody_header | shared xattrs | inline xattrs |
  	|____________________|_______________|_______________|
  	|->    12 bytes    <-|->x * 4 bytes<-|               .
  			    .                .                 .
  			.                      .                   .
  		.                           .                     .
  	    ._______________________________.______________________.
  	    | id | id | id | id |  ... | id | ent | ... | ent| ... |
  	    |____|____|____|____|______|____|_____|_____|____|_____|
  					    |-> aligned with 4B
  							|-> aligned with 4B

  
      Inode could be 32 or 64 bytes, which can be distinguished from a common

      field which all inode versions have -- i_format::

  
          __________________               __________________

         |     i_format     |             |     i_format     |

         |__________________|             |__________________|
         |        ...       |             |        ...       |
         |                  |             |                  |
         |__________________| 32 bytes    |                  |
                                          |                  |
                                          |__________________| 64 bytes
  
      Xattrs, extents, data inline are followed by the corresponding inode with

      proper alignment, and they could be optional for different data mappings.
      _currently_ total 4 valid data mappings are supported:

      ==  ====================================================================

       0  flat file data without data inline (no extent);
       1  fixed-sized output data compression (with non-compacted indexes);
       2  flat file data with tail packing data inline (no extent);
       3  fixed-sized output data compression (with compacted indexes, v5.3+).

      ==  ====================================================================

  
      The size of the optional xattrs is indicated by i_xattr_count in inode
      header. Large xattrs or xattrs shared by many different files can be
      stored in shared xattrs metadata rather than inlined right after inode.
  
   2. Shared xattrs metadata space

      Shared xattrs space is similar to the above inode space, started with
      a specific block indicated by xattr_blkaddr, organized one by one with
      proper align.
  
      Each share xattr can also be directly found by the following formula:
           xattr offset = xattr_blkaddr * block_size + 4 * xattr_id

      ::
  
  			    |-> aligned by  4 bytes
  	+ xattr_blkaddr blocks                     |-> aligned with 4 bytes
  	_________________________________________________________________________
  	|  ...   | xattr_entry |  xattr data | ... |  xattr_entry | xattr data  ...
  	|________|_____________|_____________|_____|______________|_______________

  
  Directories
  -----------
  All directories are now organized in a compact on-disk format. Note that
  each directory block is divided into index and name areas in order to support
  random file lookup, and all directory entries are _strictly_ recorded in
  alphabetical order in order to support improved prefix binary search
  algorithm (could refer to the related source code).

  ::
  
  		    ___________________________
  		    /                           |
  		/              ______________|________________
  		/              /              | nameoff1       | nameoffN-1
      ____________.______________._______________v________________v__________
      | dirent | dirent | ... | dirent | filename | filename | ... | filename |
      |___.0___|____1___|_____|___N-1__|____0_____|____1_____|_____|___N-1____|
  	\                           ^
  	\                          |                           * could have
  	\                         |                             trailing '\0'
  	    \________________________| nameoff0

  				Directory block

  
  Note that apart from the offset of the first filename, nameoff0 also indicates
  the total number of directory entries in this block since it is no need to
  introduce another on-disk field at all.
  
  Compression
  -----------

  Currently, EROFS supports 4KB fixed-sized output transparent file compression,

  as illustrated below::
  
  	    |---- Variant-Length Extent ----|-------- VLE --------|----- VLE -----
  	    clusterofs                      clusterofs            clusterofs
  	    |                               |                     |   logical data
      _________v_______________________________v_____________________v_______________
      ... |    .        |             |        .    |             |  .          | ...
      ____|____.________|_____________|________.____|_____________|__.__________|____
  	|-> cluster <-|-> cluster <-|-> cluster <-|-> cluster <-|-> cluster <-|
  	    size          size          size          size          size
  	    .                             .                .                   .
  	    .                       .               .                  .
  		.                  .              .                .
  	_______._____________._____________._____________._____________________
  	    ... |             |             |             | ... physical data
  	_______|_____________|_____________|_____________|_____________________
  		|-> cluster <-|-> cluster <-|-> cluster <-|
  		    size          size          size

  
  Currently each on-disk physical cluster can contain 4KB (un)compressed data
  at most. For each logical cluster, there is a corresponding on-disk index to
  describe its cluster type, physical cluster address, etc.
  
  See "struct z_erofs_vle_decompressed_index" in erofs_fs.h for more details.