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  <book id="kgdbOnLinux">
   <bookinfo>

    <title>Using kgdb, kdb and the kernel debugger internals</title>

  
    <authorgroup>
     <author>
      <firstname>Jason</firstname>
      <surname>Wessel</surname>
      <affiliation>
       <address>
        <email>jason.wessel@windriver.com</email>
       </address>
      </affiliation>
     </author>
    </authorgroup>

    <copyright>

     <year>2008,2010</year>

     <holder>Wind River Systems, Inc.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <copyright>
     <year>2004-2005</year>
     <holder>MontaVista Software, Inc.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <copyright>
     <year>2004</year>
     <holder>Amit S. Kale</holder>
    </copyright>
  
    <legalnotice>
     <para>
     This file is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License
     version 2. This program is licensed "as is" without any warranty of any
     kind, whether express or implied.
     </para>
  
    </legalnotice>
   </bookinfo>
  
  <toc></toc>
    <chapter id="Introduction">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <para>

      The kernel has two different debugger front ends (kdb and kgdb)
      which interface to the debug core.  It is possible to use either
      of the debugger front ends and dynamically transition between them
      if you configure the kernel properly at compile and runtime.
      </para>
      <para>
      Kdb is simplistic shell-style interface which you can use on a
      system console with a keyboard or serial console.  You can use it
      to inspect memory, registers, process lists, dmesg, and even set
      breakpoints to stop in a certain location.  Kdb is not a source
      level debugger, although you can set breakpoints and execute some
      basic kernel run control.  Kdb is mainly aimed at doing some
      analysis to aid in development or diagnosing kernel problems.  You
      can access some symbols by name in kernel built-ins or in kernel
      modules if the code was built
      with <symbol>CONFIG_KALLSYMS</symbol>.
      </para>
      <para>
      Kgdb is intended to be used as a source level debugger for the
      Linux kernel. It is used along with gdb to debug a Linux kernel.
      The expectation is that gdb can be used to "break in" to the
      kernel to inspect memory, variables and look through call stack
      information similar to the way an application developer would use
      gdb to debug an application.  It is possible to place breakpoints
      in kernel code and perform some limited execution stepping.

      </para>
      <para>

      Two machines are required for using kgdb. One of these machines is
      a development machine and the other is the target machine.  The
      kernel to be debugged runs on the target machine. The development
      machine runs an instance of gdb against the vmlinux file which
      contains the symbols (not boot image such as bzImage, zImage,
      uImage...).  In gdb the developer specifies the connection
      parameters and connects to kgdb.  The type of connection a
      developer makes with gdb depends on the availability of kgdb I/O
      modules compiled as built-ins or loadable kernel modules in the test
      machine's kernel.

      </para>
    </chapter>
    <chapter id="CompilingAKernel">

    <title>Compiling a kernel</title>
    <para>
    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>In order to enable compilation of kdb, you must first enable kgdb.</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>The kgdb test compile options are described in the kgdb test suite chapter.</para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <sect1 id="CompileKGDB">
      <title>Kernel config options for kgdb</title>

      <para>

      To enable <symbol>CONFIG_KGDB</symbol> you should first turn on
      "Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers"
      (CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL) in  "General setup", then under the

      "Kernel debugging" select "KGDB: kernel debugger".
      </para>
      <para>
      While it is not a hard requirement that you have symbols in your
      vmlinux file, gdb tends not to be very useful without the symbolic
      data, so you will want to turn
      on <symbol>CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO</symbol> which is called "Compile the
      kernel with debug info" in the config menu.

      </para>
      <para>

      It is advised, but not required that you turn on the

      <symbol>CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER</symbol> kernel option which is called "Compile the
      kernel with frame pointers" in the config menu.  This option
      inserts code to into the compiled executable which saves the frame
      information in registers or on the stack at different points which
      allows a debugger such as gdb to more accurately construct
      stack back traces while debugging the kernel.

      </para>
      <para>

      If the architecture that you are using supports the kernel option
      CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA, you should consider turning it off.  This
      option will prevent the use of software breakpoints because it
      marks certain regions of the kernel's memory space as read-only.
      If kgdb supports it for the architecture you are using, you can
      use hardware breakpoints if you desire to run with the
      CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA option turned on, else you need to turn off
      this option.
      </para>
      <para>

      Next you should choose one of more I/O drivers to interconnect
      debugging host and debugged target.  Early boot debugging requires
      a KGDB I/O driver that supports early debugging and the driver
      must be built into the kernel directly. Kgdb I/O driver
      configuration takes place via kernel or module parameters which
      you can learn more about in the in the section that describes the
      parameter "kgdboc".

      </para>

      <para>Here is an example set of .config symbols to enable or
      disable for kgdb:
      <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para># CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA is not set</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER=y</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB=y</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE=y</para></listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      </para>

    </sect1>
    <sect1 id="CompileKDB">
      <title>Kernel config options for kdb</title>
      <para>Kdb is quite a bit more complex than the simple gdbstub
      sitting on top of the kernel's debug core.  Kdb must implement a
      shell, and also adds some helper functions in other parts of the
      kernel, responsible for printing out interesting data such as what
      you would see if you ran "lsmod", or "ps".  In order to build kdb
      into the kernel you follow the same steps as you would for kgdb.
      </para>
      <para>The main config option for kdb
      is <symbol>CONFIG_KGDB_KDB</symbol> which is called "KGDB_KDB:
      include kdb frontend for kgdb" in the config menu.  In theory you
      would have already also selected an I/O driver such as the
      CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE interface if you plan on using kdb on a
      serial port, when you were configuring kgdb.
      </para>
      <para>If you want to use a PS/2-style keyboard with kdb, you would
      select CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD which is called "KGDB_KDB: keyboard as
      input device" in the config menu.  The CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD option
      is not used for anything in the gdb interface to kgdb.  The
      CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD option only works with kdb.
      </para>
      <para>Here is an example set of .config symbols to enable/disable kdb:
      <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para># CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA is not set</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER=y</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB=y</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE=y</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB_KDB=y</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD=y</para></listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      </para>
    </sect1>

    </chapter>

    <chapter id="kgdbKernelArgs">
    <title>Kernel Debugger Boot Arguments</title>
    <para>This section describes the various runtime kernel
    parameters that affect the configuration of the kernel debugger.
    The following chapter covers using kdb and kgdb as well as
    provides some examples of the configuration parameters.</para>
     <sect1 id="kgdboc">
     <title>Kernel parameter: kgdboc</title>
     <para>The kgdboc driver was originally an abbreviation meant to
     stand for "kgdb over console".  Today it is the primary mechanism
     to configure how to communicate from gdb to kgdb as well as the
     devices you want to use to interact with the kdb shell.
     </para>
     <para>For kgdb/gdb, kgdboc is designed to work with a single serial
     port. It is intended to cover the circumstance where you want to
     use a serial console as your primary console as well as using it to
     perform kernel debugging.  It is also possible to use kgdb on a
     serial port which is not designated as a system console.  Kgdboc
     may be configured as a kernel built-in or a kernel loadable module.
     You can only make use of <constant>kgdbwait</constant> and early
     debugging if you build kgdboc into the kernel as a built-in.

     <para>Optionally you can elect to activate kms (Kernel Mode
     Setting) integration.  When you use kms with kgdboc and you have a
     video driver that has atomic mode setting hooks, it is possible to
     enter the debugger on the graphics console.  When the kernel
     execution is resumed, the previous graphics mode will be restored.
     This integration can serve as a useful tool to aid in diagnosing
     crashes or doing analysis of memory with kdb while allowing the
     full graphics console applications to run.
     </para>

     </para>

     <sect2 id="kgdbocArgs">
     <title>kgdboc arguments</title>

     <para>Usage: <constant>kgdboc=[kms][[,]kbd][[,]serial_device][,baud]</constant></para>
     <para>The order listed above must be observed if you use any of the
     optional configurations together.
     </para>
     <para>Abbreviations:
     <itemizedlist>
     <listitem><para>kms = Kernel Mode Setting</para></listitem>
     <listitem><para>kbd = Keyboard</para></listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
     </para>
     <para>You can configure kgdboc to use the keyboard, and or a serial
     device depending on if you are using kdb and or kgdb, in one of the
     following scenarios.  The order listed above must be observed if
     you use any of the optional configurations together.  Using kms +
     only gdb is generally not a useful combination.</para>

     <sect3 id="kgdbocArgs1">
     <title>Using loadable module or built-in</title>

     <para>

     <orderedlist>
     <listitem><para>As a kernel built-in:</para>
     <para>Use the kernel boot argument: <constant>kgdboc=&lt;tty-device&gt;,[baud]</constant></para></listitem>
     <listitem>
     <para>As a kernel loadable module:</para>
     <para>Use the command: <constant>modprobe kgdboc kgdboc=&lt;tty-device&gt;,[baud]</constant></para>

     <para>Here are two examples of how you might format the kgdboc

     string. The first is for an x86 target using the first serial port.
     The second example is for the ARM Versatile AB using the second
     serial port.
     <orderedlist>
     <listitem><para><constant>kgdboc=ttyS0,115200</constant></para></listitem>
     <listitem><para><constant>kgdboc=ttyAMA1,115200</constant></para></listitem>
     </orderedlist>

     </para>

     </listitem>
     </orderedlist></para>
     </sect3>
     <sect3 id="kgdbocArgs2">
     <title>Configure kgdboc at runtime with sysfs</title>
     <para>At run time you can enable or disable kgdboc by echoing a
     parameters into the sysfs.  Here are two examples:</para>
     <orderedlist>
     <listitem><para>Enable kgdboc on ttyS0</para>
     <para><constant>echo ttyS0 &gt; /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc</constant></para></listitem>
     <listitem><para>Disable kgdboc</para>
     <para><constant>echo "" &gt; /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc</constant></para></listitem>
     </orderedlist>
     <para>NOTE: You do not need to specify the baud if you are
     configuring the console on tty which is already configured or
     open.</para>
     </sect3>
     <sect3 id="kgdbocArgs3">
     <title>More examples</title>

     <para>You can configure kgdboc to use the keyboard, and or a serial
     device depending on if you are using kdb and or kgdb, in one of the
     following scenarios.</para>

     <para>You can configure kgdboc to use the keyboard, and or a serial device
     depending on if you are using kdb and or kgdb, in one of the
     following scenarios.
     <orderedlist>
     <listitem><para>kdb and kgdb over only a serial port</para>
     <para><constant>kgdboc=&lt;serial_device&gt;[,baud]</constant></para>
     <para>Example: <constant>kgdboc=ttyS0,115200</constant></para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem><para>kdb and kgdb with keyboard and a serial port</para>
     <para><constant>kgdboc=kbd,&lt;serial_device&gt;[,baud]</constant></para>
     <para>Example: <constant>kgdboc=kbd,ttyS0,115200</constant></para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem><para>kdb with a keyboard</para>
     <para><constant>kgdboc=kbd</constant></para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem><para>kdb with kernel mode setting</para>
     <para><constant>kgdboc=kms,kbd</constant></para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem><para>kdb with kernel mode setting and kgdb over a serial port</para>
     <para><constant>kgdboc=kms,kbd,ttyS0,115200</constant></para>
     </listitem>

     </orderedlist>
     </para>
     </sect3>
     <para>NOTE: Kgdboc does not support interrupting the target via the
     gdb remote protocol.  You must manually send a sysrq-g unless you
     have a proxy that splits console output to a terminal program.
     A console proxy has a separate TCP port for the debugger and a separate
     TCP port for the "human" console.  The proxy can take care of sending
     the sysrq-g for you.
     </para>
     <para>When using kgdboc with no debugger proxy, you can end up
      connecting the debugger at one of two entry points.  If an
      exception occurs after you have loaded kgdboc, a message should
      print on the console stating it is waiting for the debugger.  In
      this case you disconnect your terminal program and then connect the
      debugger in its place.  If you want to interrupt the target system
      and forcibly enter a debug session you have to issue a Sysrq
      sequence and then type the letter <constant>g</constant>.  Then
      you disconnect the terminal session and connect gdb.  Your options
      if you don't like this are to hack gdb to send the sysrq-g for you
      as well as on the initial connect, or to use a debugger proxy that
      allows an unmodified gdb to do the debugging.
     </para>
     </sect2>
     </sect1>

     <sect1 id="kgdbwait">
     <title>Kernel parameter: kgdbwait</title>
     <para>
     The Kernel command line option <constant>kgdbwait</constant> makes
     kgdb wait for a debugger connection during booting of a kernel.  You
     can only use this option you compiled a kgdb I/O driver into the
     kernel and you specified the I/O driver configuration as a kernel
     command line option.  The kgdbwait parameter should always follow the
     configuration parameter for the kgdb I/O driver in the kernel
     command line else the I/O driver will not be configured prior to
     asking the kernel to use it to wait.
     </para>
     <para>
     The kernel will stop and wait as early as the I/O driver and

     architecture allows when you use this option.  If you build the
     kgdb I/O driver as a loadable kernel module kgdbwait will not do
     anything.

     </para>
     </sect1>

     <sect1 id="kgdbcon">
     <title>Kernel parameter: kgdbcon</title>
     <para> The kgdbcon feature allows you to see printk() messages
     inside gdb while gdb is connected to the kernel.  Kdb does not make
      use of the kgdbcon feature.
     </para>
     <para>Kgdb supports using the gdb serial protocol to send console
     messages to the debugger when the debugger is connected and running.
     There are two ways to activate this feature.
     <orderedlist>
     <listitem><para>Activate with the kernel command line option:</para>
     <para><constant>kgdbcon</constant></para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem><para>Use sysfs before configuring an I/O driver</para>
     <para>
     <constant>echo 1 &gt; /sys/module/kgdb/parameters/kgdb_use_con</constant>
     </para>
     <para>
     NOTE: If you do this after you configure the kgdb I/O driver, the
     setting will not take effect until the next point the I/O is
     reconfigured.
     </para>
     </listitem>
     </orderedlist>
     <para>IMPORTANT NOTE: You cannot use kgdboc + kgdbcon on a tty that is an
     active system console.  An example incorrect usage is <constant>console=ttyS0,115200 kgdboc=ttyS0 kgdbcon</constant>
     </para>
     <para>It is possible to use this option with kgdboc on a tty that is not a system console.
     </para>

    </para>

    </sect1>
    </chapter>
    <chapter id="usingKDB">
    <title>Using kdb</title>

    <para>

    </para>
    <sect1 id="quickKDBserial">
    <title>Quick start for kdb on a serial port</title>
    <para>This is a quick example of how to use kdb.</para>
    <para><orderedlist>
    <listitem><para>Boot kernel with arguments:
    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para><constant>console=ttyS0,115200 kgdboc=ttyS0,115200</constant></para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist></para>
    <para>OR</para>
    <para>Configure kgdboc after the kernel booted; assuming you are using a serial port console:
    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para><constant>echo ttyS0 &gt; /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc</constant></para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Enter the kernel debugger manually or by waiting for an oops or fault.  There are several ways you can enter the kernel debugger manually; all involve using the sysrq-g, which means you must have enabled CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ=y in your kernel config.</para>
    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>When logged in as root or with a super user session you can run:</para>
     <para><constant>echo g &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</constant></para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Example using minicom 2.2</para>
    <para>Press: <constant>Control-a</constant></para>
    <para>Press: <constant>f</constant></para>
    <para>Press: <constant>g</constant></para>

    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>When you have telneted to a terminal server that supports sending a remote break</para>
    <para>Press: <constant>Control-]</constant></para>
    <para>Type in:<constant>send break</constant></para>
    <para>Press: <constant>Enter</constant></para>
    <para>Press: <constant>g</constant></para>
    </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    </listitem>
    <listitem><para>From the kdb prompt you can run the "help" command to see a complete list of the commands that are available.</para>
    <para>Some useful commands in kdb include:
    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>lsmod  -- Shows where kernel modules are loaded</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>ps -- Displays only the active processes</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>ps A -- Shows all the processes</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>summary -- Shows kernel version info and memory usage</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>bt -- Get a backtrace of the current process using dump_stack()</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>dmesg -- View the kernel syslog buffer</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>go -- Continue the system</para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    </para>

    </listitem>
    <listitem>
    <para>When you are done using kdb you need to consider rebooting the
    system or using the "go" command to resuming normal kernel
    execution.  If you have paused the kernel for a lengthy period of
    time, applications that rely on timely networking or anything to do
    with real wall clock time could be adversely affected, so you
    should take this into consideration when using the kernel
    debugger.</para>
    </listitem>
    </orderedlist></para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1 id="quickKDBkeyboard">
    <title>Quick start for kdb using a keyboard connected console</title>
    <para>This is a quick example of how to use kdb with a keyboard.</para>
    <para><orderedlist>
    <listitem><para>Boot kernel with arguments:
    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para><constant>kgdboc=kbd</constant></para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist></para>
    <para>OR</para>
    <para>Configure kgdboc after the kernel booted:
    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para><constant>echo kbd &gt; /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc</constant></para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    </para>

    </listitem>
    <listitem><para>Enter the kernel debugger manually or by waiting for an oops or fault.  There are several ways you can enter the kernel debugger manually; all involve using the sysrq-g, which means you must have enabled CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ=y in your kernel config.</para>
    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>When logged in as root or with a super user session you can run:</para>
     <para><constant>echo g &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</constant></para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Example using a laptop keyboard</para>
    <para>Press and hold down: <constant>Alt</constant></para>
    <para>Press and hold down: <constant>Fn</constant></para>
    <para>Press and release the key with the label: <constant>SysRq</constant></para>
    <para>Release: <constant>Fn</constant></para>
    <para>Press and release: <constant>g</constant></para>
    <para>Release: <constant>Alt</constant></para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem><para>Example using a PS/2 101-key keyboard</para>
    <para>Press and hold down: <constant>Alt</constant></para>
    <para>Press and release the key with the label: <constant>SysRq</constant></para>
    <para>Press and release: <constant>g</constant></para>
    <para>Release: <constant>Alt</constant></para>
    </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
    <para>Now type in a kdb command such as "help", "dmesg", "bt" or "go" to continue kernel execution.</para>
    </listitem>
    </orderedlist></para>

    </sect1>

    </chapter>
    <chapter id="EnableKGDB">
     <title>Using kgdb / gdb</title>
     <para>In order to use kgdb you must activate it by passing
     configuration information to one of the kgdb I/O drivers.  If you
     do not pass any configuration information kgdb will not do anything
     at all.  Kgdb will only actively hook up to the kernel trap hooks
     if a kgdb I/O driver is loaded and configured.  If you unconfigure
     a kgdb I/O driver, kgdb will unregister all the kernel hook points.
     </para>
     <para> All kgdb I/O drivers can be reconfigured at run time, if
     <symbol>CONFIG_SYSFS</symbol> and <symbol>CONFIG_MODULES</symbol>
     are enabled, by echo'ing a new config string to
     <constant>/sys/module/&lt;driver&gt;/parameter/&lt;option&gt;</constant>.
     The driver can be unconfigured by passing an empty string.  You cannot
     change the configuration while the debugger is attached.  Make sure
     to detach the debugger with the <constant>detach</constant> command
     prior to trying to unconfigure a kgdb I/O driver.
     </para>
    <sect1 id="ConnectingGDB">
    <title>Connecting with gdb to a serial port</title>

    <orderedlist>

    <listitem><para>Configure kgdboc</para>
     <para>Boot kernel with arguments:
     <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para><constant>kgdboc=ttyS0,115200</constant></para></listitem>
     </itemizedlist></para>
     <para>OR</para>
     <para>Configure kgdboc after the kernel booted:
     <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para><constant>echo ttyS0 &gt; /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc</constant></para></listitem>
     </itemizedlist></para>

    </listitem>

    <listitem>
    <para>Stop kernel execution (break into the debugger)</para>
    <para>In order to connect to gdb via kgdboc, the kernel must
    first be stopped.  There are several ways to stop the kernel which
    include using kgdbwait as a boot argument, via a sysrq-g, or running
    the kernel until it takes an exception where it waits for the
    debugger to attach.
    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>When logged in as root or with a super user session you can run:</para>
     <para><constant>echo g &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</constant></para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Example using minicom 2.2</para>
    <para>Press: <constant>Control-a</constant></para>
    <para>Press: <constant>f</constant></para>
    <para>Press: <constant>g</constant></para>

    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>When you have telneted to a terminal server that supports sending a remote break</para>
    <para>Press: <constant>Control-]</constant></para>
    <para>Type in:<constant>send break</constant></para>
    <para>Press: <constant>Enter</constant></para>
    <para>Press: <constant>g</constant></para>
    </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    </para>

    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>Connect from from gdb</para>

      <para>

      Example (using a directly connected port):

      </para>
      <programlisting>
      % gdb ./vmlinux
      (gdb) set remotebaud 115200
      (gdb) target remote /dev/ttyS0
      </programlisting>
      <para>

      Example (kgdb to a terminal server on TCP port 2012):

      </para>
      <programlisting>
      % gdb ./vmlinux

      (gdb) target remote 192.168.2.2:2012

      </programlisting>
      <para>
      Once connected, you can debug a kernel the way you would debug an
      application program.
      </para>
      <para>
      If you are having problems connecting or something is going
      seriously wrong while debugging, it will most often be the case
      that you want to enable gdb to be verbose about its target
      communications.  You do this prior to issuing the <constant>target

      remote</constant> command by typing in: <constant>set debug remote 1</constant>

      </para>

    </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>Remember if you continue in gdb, and need to "break in" again,
    you need to issue an other sysrq-g.  It is easy to create a simple
    entry point by putting a breakpoint at <constant>sys_sync</constant>
    and then you can run "sync" from a shell or script to break into the
    debugger.</para>
    </sect1>
    </chapter>
    <chapter id="switchKdbKgdb">
    <title>kgdb and kdb interoperability</title>
    <para>It is possible to transition between kdb and kgdb dynamically.
    The debug core will remember which you used the last time and
    automatically start in the same mode.</para>
    <sect1>
    <title>Switching between kdb and kgdb</title>
    <sect2>
    <title>Switching from kgdb to kdb</title>
    <para>
    There are two ways to switch from kgdb to kdb: you can use gdb to
    issue a maintenance packet, or you can blindly type the command $3#33.
    Whenever kernel debugger stops in kgdb mode it will print the
    message <constant>KGDB or $3#33 for KDB</constant>.  It is important
    to note that you have to type the sequence correctly in one pass.
    You cannot type a backspace or delete because kgdb will interpret
    that as part of the debug stream.
    <orderedlist>
    <listitem><para>Change from kgdb to kdb by blindly typing:</para>
    <para><constant>$3#33</constant></para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Change from kgdb to kdb with gdb</para>
    <para><constant>maintenance packet 3</constant></para>
    <para>NOTE: Now you must kill gdb. Typically you press control-z and
    issue the command: kill -9 %</para></listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    </para>
    </sect2>
    <sect2>
    <title>Change from kdb to kgdb</title>
    <para>There are two ways you can change from kdb to kgdb.  You can
    manually enter kgdb mode by issuing the kgdb command from the kdb
    shell prompt, or you can connect gdb while the kdb shell prompt is
    active.  The kdb shell looks for the typical first commands that gdb
    would issue with the gdb remote protocol and if it sees one of those
    commands it automatically changes into kgdb mode.</para>
    <orderedlist>
    <listitem><para>From kdb issue the command:</para>
    <para><constant>kgdb</constant></para>
    <para>Now disconnect your terminal program and connect gdb in its place</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>At the kdb prompt, disconnect the terminal program and connect gdb in its place.</para></listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    </sect2>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
    <title>Running kdb commands from gdb</title>
    <para>It is possible to run a limited set of kdb commands from gdb,
    using the gdb monitor command.  You don't want to execute any of the
    run control or breakpoint operations, because it can disrupt the
    state of the kernel debugger.  You should be using gdb for
    breakpoints and run control operations if you have gdb connected.
    The more useful commands to run are things like lsmod, dmesg, ps or
    possibly some of the memory information commands.  To see all the kdb
    commands you can run <constant>monitor help</constant>.</para>
    <para>Example:
    <informalexample><programlisting>
  (gdb) monitor ps
  1 idle process (state I) and
  27 sleeping system daemon (state M) processes suppressed,
  use 'ps A' to see all.
  Task Addr       Pid   Parent [*] cpu State Thread     Command
  
  0xc78291d0        1        0  0    0   S  0xc7829404  init
  0xc7954150      942        1  0    0   S  0xc7954384  dropbear
  0xc78789c0      944        1  0    0   S  0xc7878bf4  sh
  (gdb)
    </programlisting></informalexample>
    </para>
    </sect1>

    </chapter>
    <chapter id="KGDBTestSuite">
      <title>kgdb Test Suite</title>
      <para>
      When kgdb is enabled in the kernel config you can also elect to
      enable the config parameter KGDB_TESTS.  Turning this on will
      enable a special kgdb I/O module which is designed to test the
      kgdb internal functions.
      </para>
      <para>
      The kgdb tests are mainly intended for developers to test the kgdb
      internals as well as a tool for developing a new kgdb architecture
      specific implementation.  These tests are not really for end users
      of the Linux kernel.  The primary source of documentation would be
      to look in the drivers/misc/kgdbts.c file.
      </para>
      <para>
      The kgdb test suite can also be configured at compile time to run
      the core set of tests by setting the kernel config parameter
      KGDB_TESTS_ON_BOOT.  This particular option is aimed at automated
      regression testing and does not require modifying the kernel boot
      config arguments.  If this is turned on, the kgdb test suite can
      be disabled by specifying "kgdbts=" as a kernel boot argument.
      </para>
    </chapter>
    <chapter id="CommonBackEndReq">

    <title>Kernel Debugger Internals</title>

    <sect1 id="kgdbArchitecture">

      <title>Architecture Specifics</title>
        <para>

        The kernel debugger is organized into a number of components:

        <orderedlist>

        <listitem><para>The debug core</para>

        <para>

        The debug core is found in kernel/debugger/debug_core.c.  It contains:

        <itemizedlist>

        <listitem><para>A generic OS exception handler which includes
        sync'ing the processors into a stopped state on an multi-CPU
        system.</para></listitem>

        <listitem><para>The API to talk to the kgdb I/O drivers</para></listitem>

        <listitem><para>The API to make calls to the arch-specific kgdb implementation</para></listitem>

        <listitem><para>The logic to perform safe memory reads and writes to memory while using the debugger</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>A full implementation for software breakpoints unless overridden by the arch</para></listitem>

        <listitem><para>The API to invoke either the kdb or kgdb frontend to the debug core.</para></listitem>

        <listitem><para>The structures and callback API for atomic kernel mode setting.</para>
        <para>NOTE: kgdboc is where the kms callbacks are invoked.</para></listitem>

        </itemizedlist>
        </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem><para>kgdb arch-specific implementation</para>

        <para>
        This implementation is generally found in arch/*/kernel/kgdb.c.
        As an example, arch/x86/kernel/kgdb.c contains the specifics to
        implement HW breakpoint as well as the initialization to
        dynamically register and unregister for the trap handlers on

        this architecture.  The arch-specific portion implements:

        <itemizedlist>

        <listitem><para>contains an arch-specific trap catcher which

        invokes kgdb_handle_exception() to start kgdb about doing its
        work</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>translation to and from gdb specific packet format to pt_regs</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>Registration and unregistration of architecture specific trap hooks</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>Any special exception handling and cleanup</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>NMI exception handling and cleanup</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>(optional)HW breakpoints</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem><para>gdbstub frontend (aka kgdb)</para>
        <para>The gdbstub is located in kernel/debug/gdbstub.c. It contains:</para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem><para>All the logic to implement the gdb serial protocol</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        </listitem>
        <listitem><para>kdb frontend</para>
        <para>The kdb debugger shell is broken down into a number of
        components.  The kdb core is located in kernel/debug/kdb.  There
        are a number of helper functions in some of the other kernel
        components to make it possible for kdb to examine and report
        information about the kernel without taking locks that could
        cause a kernel deadlock.  The kdb core contains implements the following functionality.</para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem><para>A simple shell</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>The kdb core command set</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>A registration API to register additional kdb shell commands.</para>

  	<itemizedlist>
          <listitem><para>A good example of a self-contained kdb module
          is the "ftdump" command for dumping the ftrace buffer.  See:
          kernel/trace/trace_kdb.c</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>For an example of how to dynamically register
          a new kdb command you can build the kdb_hello.ko kernel module
          from samples/kdb/kdb_hello.c.  To build this example you can
          set CONFIG_SAMPLES=y and CONFIG_SAMPLE_KDB=m in your kernel
          config.  Later run "modprobe kdb_hello" and the next time you
          enter the kdb shell, you can run the "hello"
          command.</para></listitem>
  	</itemizedlist></listitem>

          <listitem><para>The implementation for kdb_printf() which
          emits messages directly to I/O drivers, bypassing the kernel
          log.</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>SW / HW breakpoint management for the kdb shell</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        </listitem>

        <listitem><para>kgdb I/O driver</para>
        <para>

        Each kgdb I/O driver has to provide an implementation for the following:

        <itemizedlist>

        <listitem><para>configuration via built-in or module</para></listitem>

        <listitem><para>dynamic configuration and kgdb hook registration calls</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>read and write character interface</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>A cleanup handler for unconfiguring from the kgdb core</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>(optional) Early debug methodology</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        Any given kgdb I/O driver has to operate very closely with the
        hardware and must do it in such a way that does not enable
        interrupts or change other parts of the system context without
        completely restoring them. The kgdb core will repeatedly "poll"
        a kgdb I/O driver for characters when it needs input.  The I/O
        driver is expected to return immediately if there is no data
        available.  Doing so allows for the future possibility to touch
        watch dog hardware in such a way as to have a target system not
        reset when these are enabled.

        </para>
        </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <para>
        If you are intent on adding kgdb architecture specific support
        for a new architecture, the architecture should define
        <constant>HAVE_ARCH_KGDB</constant> in the architecture specific
        Kconfig file.  This will enable kgdb for the architecture, and
        at that point you must create an architecture specific kgdb
        implementation.
        </para>
        <para>
        There are a few flags which must be set on every architecture in
        their &lt;asm/kgdb.h&gt; file.  These are:
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
  	  <para>
  	  NUMREGBYTES: The size in bytes of all of the registers, so
  	  that we can ensure they will all fit into a packet.
  	  </para>
  	  <para>
  	  BUFMAX: The size in bytes of the buffer GDB will read into.
  	  This must be larger than NUMREGBYTES.
  	  </para>
  	  <para>
  	  CACHE_FLUSH_IS_SAFE: Set to 1 if it is always safe to call
  	  flush_cache_range or flush_icache_range.  On some architectures,
  	  these functions may not be safe to call on SMP since we keep other
  	  CPUs in a holding pattern.
  	  </para>
  	</listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        </para>
        <para>
        There are also the following functions for the common backend,
        found in kernel/kgdb.c, that must be supplied by the
        architecture-specific backend unless marked as (optional), in
        which case a default function maybe used if the architecture
        does not need to provide a specific implementation.
        </para>
  !Iinclude/linux/kgdb.h

    </sect1>
    <sect1 id="kgdbocDesign">
    <title>kgdboc internals</title>

    <sect2>
    <title>kgdboc and uarts</title>

    <para>
    The kgdboc driver is actually a very thin driver that relies on the
    underlying low level to the hardware driver having "polling hooks"
    which the to which the tty driver is attached.  In the initial
    implementation of kgdboc it the serial_core was changed to expose a

    low level UART hook for doing polled mode reading and writing of a

    single character while in an atomic context.  When kgdb makes an I/O

    request to the debugger, kgdboc invokes a callback in the serial
    core which in turn uses the callback in the UART driver.</para>

    <para>

    When using kgdboc with a UART, the UART driver must implement two callbacks in the <constant>struct uart_ops</constant>. Example from drivers/8250.c:<programlisting>

  #ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL
  	.poll_get_char = serial8250_get_poll_char,
  	.poll_put_char = serial8250_put_poll_char,
  #endif
    </programlisting>
    Any implementation specifics around creating a polling driver use the
    <constant>#ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL</constant>, as shown above.
    Keep in mind that polling hooks have to be implemented in such a way
    that they can be called from an atomic context and have to restore

    the state of the UART chip on return such that the system can return

    to normal when the debugger detaches.  You need to be very careful

    with any kind of lock you consider, because failing here is most likely

    going to mean pressing the reset button.
    </para>

    </sect2>
    <sect2 id="kgdbocKbd">
    <title>kgdboc and keyboards</title>
    <para>The kgdboc driver contains logic to configure communications
    with an attached keyboard.  The keyboard infrastructure is only
    compiled into the kernel when CONFIG_KDB_KEYBOARD=y is set in the
    kernel configuration.</para>
    <para>The core polled keyboard driver driver for PS/2 type keyboards
    is in drivers/char/kdb_keyboard.c.  This driver is hooked into the
    debug core when kgdboc populates the callback in the array
    called <constant>kdb_poll_funcs[]</constant>.  The
    kdb_get_kbd_char() is the top-level function which polls hardware
    for single character input.
    </para>
    </sect2>
    <sect2 id="kgdbocKms">
    <title>kgdboc and kms</title>
    <para>The kgdboc driver contains logic to request the graphics
    display to switch to a text context when you are using
    "kgdboc=kms,kbd", provided that you have a video driver which has a
    frame buffer console and atomic kernel mode setting support.</para>
    <para>
    Every time the kernel
    debugger is entered it calls kgdboc_pre_exp_handler() which in turn
    calls con_debug_enter() in the virtual console layer.  On resuming kernel
    execution, the kernel debugger calls kgdboc_post_exp_handler() which
    in turn calls con_debug_leave().</para>
    <para>Any video driver that wants to be compatible with the kernel
    debugger and the atomic kms callbacks must implement the
    mode_set_base_atomic, fb_debug_enter and fb_debug_leave operations.
    For the fb_debug_enter and fb_debug_leave the option exists to use
    the generic drm fb helper functions or implement something custom for
    the hardware.  The following example shows the initialization of the
    .mode_set_base_atomic operation in
    drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_display.c:
    <informalexample>
    <programlisting>
  static const struct drm_crtc_helper_funcs intel_helper_funcs = {
  [...]
          .mode_set_base_atomic = intel_pipe_set_base_atomic,
  [...]
  };
    </programlisting>
    </informalexample>
    </para>
    <para>Here is an example of how the i915 driver initializes the fb_debug_enter and fb_debug_leave functions to use the generic drm helpers in
    drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_fb.c:
    <informalexample>
    <programlisting>
  static struct fb_ops intelfb_ops = {
  [...]
         .fb_debug_enter = drm_fb_helper_debug_enter,
         .fb_debug_leave = drm_fb_helper_debug_leave,
  [...]
  };
    </programlisting>
    </informalexample>
    </para>
    </sect2>

    </sect1>

    </chapter>
    <chapter id="credits">
       <title>Credits</title>
  	<para>
  		The following people have contributed to this document:
  		<orderedlist>
  			<listitem><para>Amit Kale<email>amitkale@linsyssoft.com</email></para></listitem>
  			<listitem><para>Tom Rini<email>trini@kernel.crashing.org</email></para></listitem>

  		</orderedlist>

                  In March 2008 this document was completely rewritten by:
  		<itemizedlist>
  		<listitem><para>Jason Wessel<email>jason.wessel@windriver.com</email></para></listitem>
  		</itemizedlist>

                  In Jan 2010 this document was updated to include kdb.
  		<itemizedlist>
  		<listitem><para>Jason Wessel<email>jason.wessel@windriver.com</email></para></listitem>
  		</itemizedlist>

  	</para>
    </chapter>
  </book>