/*
   *  linux/fs/open.c
   *
   *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
   */
  
  #include <linux/string.h>
  #include <linux/mm.h>

  #include <linux/file.h>

  #include <linux/fdtable.h>

  #include <linux/fsnotify.h>

  #include <linux/module.h>

  #include <linux/tty.h>
  #include <linux/namei.h>
  #include <linux/backing-dev.h>

  #include <linux/capability.h>

  #include <linux/securebits.h>

  #include <linux/security.h>
  #include <linux/mount.h>

  #include <linux/fcntl.h>

  #include <linux/slab.h>

  #include <linux/uaccess.h>

  #include <linux/fs.h>

  #include <linux/personality.h>

  #include <linux/pagemap.h>
  #include <linux/syscalls.h>

  #include <linux/rcupdate.h>

  #include <linux/audit.h>

  #include <linux/falloc.h>

  #include <linux/fs_struct.h>

  #include <linux/ima.h>

  #include <linux/dnotify.h>

  #include <linux/compat.h>

  #include "internal.h"

  int do_truncate(struct dentry *dentry, loff_t length, unsigned int time_attrs,
  	struct file *filp)

  {

  	int ret;

  	struct iattr newattrs;
  
  	/* Not pretty: "inode->i_size" shouldn't really be signed. But it is. */
  	if (length < 0)
  		return -EINVAL;
  
  	newattrs.ia_size = length;

  	newattrs.ia_valid = ATTR_SIZE | time_attrs;

  	if (filp) {
  		newattrs.ia_file = filp;
  		newattrs.ia_valid |= ATTR_FILE;
  	}

  	/* Remove suid, sgid, and file capabilities on truncate too */
  	ret = dentry_needs_remove_privs(dentry);
  	if (ret < 0)
  		return ret;

  	if (ret)
  		newattrs.ia_valid |= ret | ATTR_FORCE;

  	inode_lock(dentry->d_inode);

  	/* Note any delegations or leases have already been broken: */
  	ret = notify_change(dentry, &newattrs, NULL);

  	inode_unlock(dentry->d_inode);

  	return ret;

  }

  long vfs_truncate(const struct path *path, loff_t length)

  {

  	struct inode *inode;

  	struct dentry *upperdentry;

  	long error;

  	inode = path->dentry->d_inode;

  
  	/* For directories it's -EISDIR, for other non-regulars - -EINVAL */

  	if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))

  		return -EISDIR;

  	if (!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))

  		return -EINVAL;

  	error = mnt_want_write(path->mnt);

  	if (error)

  		goto out;

  	error = inode_permission(inode, MAY_WRITE);

  	if (error)
  		goto mnt_drop_write_and_out;

  
  	error = -EPERM;

  	if (IS_APPEND(inode))

  		goto mnt_drop_write_and_out;

  	/*
  	 * If this is an overlayfs then do as if opening the file so we get
  	 * write access on the upper inode, not on the overlay inode.  For
  	 * non-overlay filesystems d_real() is an identity function.
  	 */

  	upperdentry = d_real(path->dentry, NULL, O_WRONLY, 0);

  	error = PTR_ERR(upperdentry);
  	if (IS_ERR(upperdentry))
  		goto mnt_drop_write_and_out;
  
  	error = get_write_access(upperdentry->d_inode);

  	if (error)

  		goto mnt_drop_write_and_out;

  	/*
  	 * Make sure that there are no leases.  get_write_access() protects
  	 * against the truncate racing with a lease-granting setlease().
  	 */

  	error = break_lease(inode, O_WRONLY);

  	if (error)

  		goto put_write_and_out;

  
  	error = locks_verify_truncate(inode, NULL, length);

  	if (!error)

  		error = security_path_truncate(path);

  	if (!error)

  		error = do_truncate(path->dentry, length, 0, NULL);

  put_write_and_out:

  	put_write_access(upperdentry->d_inode);

  mnt_drop_write_and_out:

  	mnt_drop_write(path->mnt);

  out:
  	return error;
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfs_truncate);
  
  static long do_sys_truncate(const char __user *pathname, loff_t length)
  {

  	unsigned int lookup_flags = LOOKUP_FOLLOW;

  	struct path path;
  	int error;
  
  	if (length < 0)	/* sorry, but loff_t says... */
  		return -EINVAL;

  retry:
  	error = user_path_at(AT_FDCWD, pathname, lookup_flags, &path);

  	if (!error) {
  		error = vfs_truncate(&path, length);
  		path_put(&path);
  	}

  	if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
  		lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
  		goto retry;
  	}

  	return error;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE2(truncate, const char __user *, path, long, length)

  {

  	return do_sys_truncate(path, length);

  }

  #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
  COMPAT_SYSCALL_DEFINE2(truncate, const char __user *, path, compat_off_t, length)
  {
  	return do_sys_truncate(path, length);
  }
  #endif

  static long do_sys_ftruncate(unsigned int fd, loff_t length, int small)

  {

  	struct inode *inode;

  	struct dentry *dentry;

  	struct fd f;

  	int error;
  
  	error = -EINVAL;
  	if (length < 0)
  		goto out;
  	error = -EBADF;

  	f = fdget(fd);
  	if (!f.file)

  		goto out;
  
  	/* explicitly opened as large or we are on 64-bit box */

  	if (f.file->f_flags & O_LARGEFILE)

  		small = 0;

  	dentry = f.file->f_path.dentry;

  	inode = dentry->d_inode;
  	error = -EINVAL;

  	if (!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode) || !(f.file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE))

  		goto out_putf;
  
  	error = -EINVAL;
  	/* Cannot ftruncate over 2^31 bytes without large file support */
  	if (small && length > MAX_NON_LFS)
  		goto out_putf;
  
  	error = -EPERM;

  	/* Check IS_APPEND on real upper inode */
  	if (IS_APPEND(file_inode(f.file)))

  		goto out_putf;

  	sb_start_write(inode->i_sb);

  	error = locks_verify_truncate(inode, f.file, length);

  	if (!error)

  		error = security_path_truncate(&f.file->f_path);

  	if (!error)

  		error = do_truncate(dentry, length, ATTR_MTIME|ATTR_CTIME, f.file);

  	sb_end_write(inode->i_sb);

  out_putf:

  	fdput(f);

  out:
  	return error;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE2(ftruncate, unsigned int, fd, unsigned long, length)

  {

  	return do_sys_ftruncate(fd, length, 1);

  }

  #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
  COMPAT_SYSCALL_DEFINE2(ftruncate, unsigned int, fd, compat_ulong_t, length)
  {
  	return do_sys_ftruncate(fd, length, 1);
  }
  #endif

  /* LFS versions of truncate are only needed on 32 bit machines */
  #if BITS_PER_LONG == 32

  SYSCALL_DEFINE2(truncate64, const char __user *, path, loff_t, length)

  {
  	return do_sys_truncate(path, length);
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE2(ftruncate64, unsigned int, fd, loff_t, length)

  {

  	return do_sys_ftruncate(fd, length, 0);

  }

  #endif /* BITS_PER_LONG == 32 */

  int vfs_fallocate(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, loff_t len)

  {

  	struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);

  	long ret;

  
  	if (offset < 0 || len <= 0)

  		return -EINVAL;

  
  	/* Return error if mode is not supported */

  	if (mode & ~FALLOC_FL_SUPPORTED_MASK)

  		return -EOPNOTSUPP;
  
  	/* Punch hole and zero range are mutually exclusive */
  	if ((mode & (FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE)) ==
  	    (FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE))

  		return -EOPNOTSUPP;
  
  	/* Punch hole must have keep size set */
  	if ((mode & FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE) &&
  	    !(mode & FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE))

  		return -EOPNOTSUPP;

  	/* Collapse range should only be used exclusively. */
  	if ((mode & FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE) &&
  	    (mode & ~FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE))
  		return -EINVAL;

  	/* Insert range should only be used exclusively. */
  	if ((mode & FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE) &&
  	    (mode & ~FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE))
  		return -EINVAL;

  	/* Unshare range should only be used with allocate mode. */
  	if ((mode & FALLOC_FL_UNSHARE_RANGE) &&
  	    (mode & ~(FALLOC_FL_UNSHARE_RANGE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE)))
  		return -EINVAL;

  	if (!(file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE))

  		return -EBADF;

  	/*

  	 * We can only allow pure fallocate on append only files

  	 */

  	if ((mode & ~FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE) && IS_APPEND(inode))

  		return -EPERM;
  
  	if (IS_IMMUTABLE(inode))
  		return -EPERM;

  	/*

  	 * We cannot allow any fallocate operation on an active swapfile

  	 */
  	if (IS_SWAPFILE(inode))

  		return -ETXTBSY;

  
  	/*

  	 * Revalidate the write permissions, in case security policy has
  	 * changed since the files were opened.
  	 */
  	ret = security_file_permission(file, MAY_WRITE);
  	if (ret)

  		return ret;

  	if (S_ISFIFO(inode->i_mode))

  		return -ESPIPE;

  	if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
  		return -EISDIR;
  
  	if (!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode) && !S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode))

  		return -ENODEV;

  	/* Check for wrap through zero too */
  	if (((offset + len) > inode->i_sb->s_maxbytes) || ((offset + len) < 0))

  		return -EFBIG;

  	if (!file->f_op->fallocate)

  		return -EOPNOTSUPP;

  	file_start_write(file);

  	ret = file->f_op->fallocate(file, mode, offset, len);

  
  	/*
  	 * Create inotify and fanotify events.
  	 *
  	 * To keep the logic simple always create events if fallocate succeeds.
  	 * This implies that events are even created if the file size remains
  	 * unchanged, e.g. when using flag FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE.
  	 */
  	if (ret == 0)
  		fsnotify_modify(file);

  	file_end_write(file);

  	return ret;

  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfs_fallocate);

  SYSCALL_DEFINE4(fallocate, int, fd, int, mode, loff_t, offset, loff_t, len)

  {

  	struct fd f = fdget(fd);

  	int error = -EBADF;

  	if (f.file) {

  		error = vfs_fallocate(f.file, mode, offset, len);

  		fdput(f);

  	}

  	return error;

  }

  /*
   * access() needs to use the real uid/gid, not the effective uid/gid.
   * We do this by temporarily clearing all FS-related capabilities and
   * switching the fsuid/fsgid around to the real ones.
   */

  SYSCALL_DEFINE3(faccessat, int, dfd, const char __user *, filename, int, mode)

  {

  	const struct cred *old_cred;
  	struct cred *override_cred;

  	struct path path;

  	struct inode *inode;

  	int res;

  	unsigned int lookup_flags = LOOKUP_FOLLOW;

  
  	if (mode & ~S_IRWXO)	/* where's F_OK, X_OK, W_OK, R_OK? */
  		return -EINVAL;

  	override_cred = prepare_creds();
  	if (!override_cred)
  		return -ENOMEM;

  	override_cred->fsuid = override_cred->uid;
  	override_cred->fsgid = override_cred->gid;

  	if (!issecure(SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP)) {

  		/* Clear the capabilities if we switch to a non-root user */

  		kuid_t root_uid = make_kuid(override_cred->user_ns, 0);
  		if (!uid_eq(override_cred->uid, root_uid))

  			cap_clear(override_cred->cap_effective);

  		else

  			override_cred->cap_effective =
  				override_cred->cap_permitted;

  	}

  	old_cred = override_creds(override_cred);

  retry:
  	res = user_path_at(dfd, filename, lookup_flags, &path);

  	if (res)
  		goto out;

  	inode = d_backing_inode(path.dentry);

  
  	if ((mode & MAY_EXEC) && S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {

  		/*
  		 * MAY_EXEC on regular files is denied if the fs is mounted
  		 * with the "noexec" flag.
  		 */
  		res = -EACCES;

  		if (path_noexec(&path))

  			goto out_path_release;
  	}

  	res = inode_permission(inode, mode | MAY_ACCESS);

  	/* SuS v2 requires we report a read only fs too */

  	if (res || !(mode & S_IWOTH) || special_file(inode->i_mode))

  		goto out_path_release;

  	/*
  	 * This is a rare case where using __mnt_is_readonly()
  	 * is OK without a mnt_want/drop_write() pair.  Since
  	 * no actual write to the fs is performed here, we do
  	 * not need to telegraph to that to anyone.
  	 *
  	 * By doing this, we accept that this access is
  	 * inherently racy and know that the fs may change
  	 * state before we even see this result.
  	 */

  	if (__mnt_is_readonly(path.mnt))

  		res = -EROFS;

  out_path_release:

  	path_put(&path);

  	if (retry_estale(res, lookup_flags)) {
  		lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
  		goto retry;
  	}

  out:

  	revert_creds(old_cred);
  	put_cred(override_cred);

  	return res;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE2(access, const char __user *, filename, int, mode)

  {
  	return sys_faccessat(AT_FDCWD, filename, mode);
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE1(chdir, const char __user *, filename)

  {

  	struct path path;

  	int error;

  	unsigned int lookup_flags = LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
  retry:
  	error = user_path_at(AT_FDCWD, filename, lookup_flags, &path);

  	if (error)
  		goto out;

  	error = inode_permission(path.dentry->d_inode, MAY_EXEC | MAY_CHDIR);

  	if (error)
  		goto dput_and_out;

  	set_fs_pwd(current->fs, &path);

  
  dput_and_out:

  	path_put(&path);

  	if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
  		lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
  		goto retry;
  	}

  out:
  	return error;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE1(fchdir, unsigned int, fd)

  {

  	struct fd f = fdget_raw(fd);

  	int error;

  
  	error = -EBADF;

  	if (!f.file)

  		goto out;

  	error = -ENOTDIR;

  	if (!d_can_lookup(f.file->f_path.dentry))

  		goto out_putf;

  	error = inode_permission(file_inode(f.file), MAY_EXEC | MAY_CHDIR);

  	if (!error)

  		set_fs_pwd(current->fs, &f.file->f_path);

  out_putf:

  	fdput(f);

  out:
  	return error;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE1(chroot, const char __user *, filename)

  {

  	struct path path;

  	int error;

  	unsigned int lookup_flags = LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
  retry:
  	error = user_path_at(AT_FDCWD, filename, lookup_flags, &path);

  	if (error)
  		goto out;

  	error = inode_permission(path.dentry->d_inode, MAY_EXEC | MAY_CHDIR);

  	if (error)
  		goto dput_and_out;
  
  	error = -EPERM;

  	if (!ns_capable(current_user_ns(), CAP_SYS_CHROOT))

  		goto dput_and_out;

  	error = security_path_chroot(&path);
  	if (error)
  		goto dput_and_out;

  	set_fs_root(current->fs, &path);

  	error = 0;
  dput_and_out:

  	path_put(&path);

  	if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
  		lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
  		goto retry;
  	}

  out:
  	return error;
  }

  static int chmod_common(const struct path *path, umode_t mode)

  {

  	struct inode *inode = path->dentry->d_inode;

  	struct inode *delegated_inode = NULL;

  	struct iattr newattrs;

  	int error;

  	error = mnt_want_write(path->mnt);
  	if (error)
  		return error;

  retry_deleg:

  	inode_lock(inode);

  	error = security_path_chmod(path, mode);

  	if (error)

  		goto out_unlock;

  	newattrs.ia_mode = (mode & S_IALLUGO) | (inode->i_mode & ~S_IALLUGO);
  	newattrs.ia_valid = ATTR_MODE | ATTR_CTIME;

  	error = notify_change(path->dentry, &newattrs, &delegated_inode);

  out_unlock:

  	inode_unlock(inode);

  	if (delegated_inode) {
  		error = break_deleg_wait(&delegated_inode);
  		if (!error)
  			goto retry_deleg;
  	}

  	mnt_drop_write(path->mnt);
  	return error;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE2(fchmod, unsigned int, fd, umode_t, mode)

  {

  	struct fd f = fdget(fd);

  	int err = -EBADF;

  	if (f.file) {

  		audit_file(f.file);

  		err = chmod_common(&f.file->f_path, mode);
  		fdput(f);

  	}

  	return err;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE3(fchmodat, int, dfd, const char __user *, filename, umode_t, mode)

  {

  	struct path path;

  	int error;

  	unsigned int lookup_flags = LOOKUP_FOLLOW;
  retry:
  	error = user_path_at(dfd, filename, lookup_flags, &path);

  	if (!error) {
  		error = chmod_common(&path, mode);
  		path_put(&path);

  		if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
  			lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
  			goto retry;
  		}

  	}

  	return error;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE2(chmod, const char __user *, filename, umode_t, mode)

  {
  	return sys_fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, filename, mode);
  }

  static int chown_common(const struct path *path, uid_t user, gid_t group)

  {

  	struct inode *inode = path->dentry->d_inode;

  	struct inode *delegated_inode = NULL;

  	int error;
  	struct iattr newattrs;

  	kuid_t uid;
  	kgid_t gid;
  
  	uid = make_kuid(current_user_ns(), user);
  	gid = make_kgid(current_user_ns(), group);

  retry_deleg:

  	newattrs.ia_valid =  ATTR_CTIME;
  	if (user != (uid_t) -1) {

  		if (!uid_valid(uid))
  			return -EINVAL;

  		newattrs.ia_valid |= ATTR_UID;

  		newattrs.ia_uid = uid;

  	}
  	if (group != (gid_t) -1) {

  		if (!gid_valid(gid))
  			return -EINVAL;

  		newattrs.ia_valid |= ATTR_GID;

  		newattrs.ia_gid = gid;

  	}
  	if (!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))

  		newattrs.ia_valid |=
  			ATTR_KILL_SUID | ATTR_KILL_SGID | ATTR_KILL_PRIV;

  	inode_lock(inode);

  	error = security_path_chown(path, uid, gid);

  	if (!error)

  		error = notify_change(path->dentry, &newattrs, &delegated_inode);

  	inode_unlock(inode);

  	if (delegated_inode) {
  		error = break_deleg_wait(&delegated_inode);
  		if (!error)
  			goto retry_deleg;
  	}

  	return error;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE5(fchownat, int, dfd, const char __user *, filename, uid_t, user,
  		gid_t, group, int, flag)

  {

  	struct path path;

  	int error = -EINVAL;

  	int lookup_flags;

  	if ((flag & ~(AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW | AT_EMPTY_PATH)) != 0)

  		goto out;

  	lookup_flags = (flag & AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) ? 0 : LOOKUP_FOLLOW;
  	if (flag & AT_EMPTY_PATH)
  		lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_EMPTY;

  retry:

  	error = user_path_at(dfd, filename, lookup_flags, &path);

  	if (error)
  		goto out;

  	error = mnt_want_write(path.mnt);

  	if (error)
  		goto out_release;

  	error = chown_common(&path, user, group);

  	mnt_drop_write(path.mnt);

  out_release:

  	path_put(&path);

  	if (retry_estale(error, lookup_flags)) {
  		lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_REVAL;
  		goto retry;
  	}

  out:
  	return error;
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE3(chown, const char __user *, filename, uid_t, user, gid_t, group)

  {

  	return sys_fchownat(AT_FDCWD, filename, user, group, 0);
  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE3(lchown, const char __user *, filename, uid_t, user, gid_t, group)
  {
  	return sys_fchownat(AT_FDCWD, filename, user, group,
  			    AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);

  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE3(fchown, unsigned int, fd, uid_t, user, gid_t, group)

  {

  	struct fd f = fdget(fd);

  	int error = -EBADF;

  	if (!f.file)

  		goto out;

  	error = mnt_want_write_file_path(f.file);

  	if (error)
  		goto out_fput;

  	audit_file(f.file);

  	error = chown_common(&f.file->f_path, user, group);

  	mnt_drop_write_file_path(f.file);

  out_fput:

  	fdput(f);

  out:

  	return error;
  }

  int open_check_o_direct(struct file *f)
  {
  	/* NB: we're sure to have correct a_ops only after f_op->open */
  	if (f->f_flags & O_DIRECT) {

  		if (!f->f_mapping->a_ops || !f->f_mapping->a_ops->direct_IO)

  			return -EINVAL;

  	}
  	return 0;
  }

  static int do_dentry_open(struct file *f,

  			  struct inode *inode,

  			  int (*open)(struct inode *, struct file *),
  			  const struct cred *cred)

  {

  	static const struct file_operations empty_fops = {};

  	int error;

  	f->f_mode = OPEN_FMODE(f->f_flags) | FMODE_LSEEK |

  				FMODE_PREAD | FMODE_PWRITE;

  	path_get(&f->f_path);

  	f->f_inode = inode;

  	f->f_mapping = inode->i_mapping;

  	/* Ensure that we skip any errors that predate opening of the file */
  	f->f_wb_err = filemap_sample_wb_err(f->f_mapping);

  	if (unlikely(f->f_flags & O_PATH)) {
  		f->f_mode = FMODE_PATH;

  		f->f_op = &empty_fops;

  		return 0;

  	}

  	if (f->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE && !special_file(inode->i_mode)) {

  		error = get_write_access(inode);

  		if (unlikely(error))

  			goto cleanup_file;

  		error = __mnt_want_write(f->f_path.mnt);

  		if (unlikely(error)) {

  			put_write_access(inode);
  			goto cleanup_file;
  		}

  		f->f_mode |= FMODE_WRITER;

  	}

  	/* POSIX.1-2008/SUSv4 Section XSI 2.9.7 */

  	if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode) || S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))

  		f->f_mode |= FMODE_ATOMIC_POS;

  	f->f_op = fops_get(inode->i_fop);

  	if (unlikely(WARN_ON(!f->f_op))) {
  		error = -ENODEV;
  		goto cleanup_all;
  	}

  	error = security_file_open(f, cred);

  	if (error)
  		goto cleanup_all;

  	error = break_lease(locks_inode(f), f->f_flags);

  	if (error)
  		goto cleanup_all;

  	if (!open)

  		open = f->f_op->open;
  	if (open) {
  		error = open(inode, f);

  		if (error)
  			goto cleanup_all;
  	}

  	if ((f->f_mode & (FMODE_READ | FMODE_WRITE)) == FMODE_READ)
  		i_readcount_inc(inode);

  	if ((f->f_mode & FMODE_READ) &&

  	     likely(f->f_op->read || f->f_op->read_iter))

  		f->f_mode |= FMODE_CAN_READ;

  	if ((f->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) &&

  	     likely(f->f_op->write || f->f_op->write_iter))

  		f->f_mode |= FMODE_CAN_WRITE;

  	f->f_write_hint = WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET;

  	f->f_flags &= ~(O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_NOCTTY | O_TRUNC);
  
  	file_ra_state_init(&f->f_ra, f->f_mapping->host->i_mapping);

  	return 0;

  
  cleanup_all:
  	fops_put(f->f_op);

  	if (f->f_mode & FMODE_WRITER) {

  		put_write_access(inode);

  		__mnt_drop_write(f->f_path.mnt);

  	}

  cleanup_file:

  	path_put(&f->f_path);
  	f->f_path.mnt = NULL;
  	f->f_path.dentry = NULL;

  	f->f_inode = NULL;

  	return error;

  }

  /**

   * finish_open - finish opening a file

   * @file: file pointer

   * @dentry: pointer to dentry
   * @open: open callback

   * @opened: state of open

   *
   * This can be used to finish opening a file passed to i_op->atomic_open().
   *
   * If the open callback is set to NULL, then the standard f_op->open()
   * filesystem callback is substituted.

   *
   * NB: the dentry reference is _not_ consumed.  If, for example, the dentry is
   * the return value of d_splice_alias(), then the caller needs to perform dput()
   * on it after finish_open().
   *
   * On successful return @file is a fully instantiated open file.  After this, if
   * an error occurs in ->atomic_open(), it needs to clean up with fput().
   *
   * Returns zero on success or -errno if the open failed.

   */

  int finish_open(struct file *file, struct dentry *dentry,
  		int (*open)(struct inode *, struct file *),
  		int *opened)

  {

  	int error;

  	BUG_ON(*opened & FILE_OPENED); /* once it's opened, it's opened */

  	file->f_path.dentry = dentry;

  	error = do_dentry_open(file, d_backing_inode(dentry), open,
  			       current_cred());

  	if (!error)

  		*opened |= FILE_OPENED;

  	return error;

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(finish_open);
  
  /**
   * finish_no_open - finish ->atomic_open() without opening the file
   *

   * @file: file pointer

   * @dentry: dentry or NULL (as returned from ->lookup())
   *
   * This can be used to set the result of a successful lookup in ->atomic_open().

   *
   * NB: unlike finish_open() this function does consume the dentry reference and
   * the caller need not dput() it.
   *
   * Returns "1" which must be the return value of ->atomic_open() after having
   * called this function.

   */

  int finish_no_open(struct file *file, struct dentry *dentry)

  {

  	file->f_path.dentry = dentry;

  	return 1;

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(finish_no_open);

  char *file_path(struct file *filp, char *buf, int buflen)
  {
  	return d_path(&filp->f_path, buf, buflen);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_path);

  /**
   * vfs_open - open the file at the given path
   * @path: path to open
   * @file: newly allocated file with f_flag initialized
   * @cred: credentials to use
   */
  int vfs_open(const struct path *path, struct file *file,
  	     const struct cred *cred)
  {

  	struct dentry *dentry = d_real(path->dentry, NULL, file->f_flags, 0);

  	if (IS_ERR(dentry))
  		return PTR_ERR(dentry);

  	file->f_path = *path;

  	return do_dentry_open(file, d_backing_inode(dentry), NULL, cred);

  }

  struct file *dentry_open(const struct path *path, int flags,

  			 const struct cred *cred)

  {
  	int error;
  	struct file *f;

  	validate_creds(cred);

  	/* We must always pass in a valid mount pointer. */

  	BUG_ON(!path->mnt);

  	f = get_empty_filp();

  	if (!IS_ERR(f)) {
  		f->f_flags = flags;

  		error = vfs_open(path, f, cred);

  		if (!error) {
  			/* from now on we need fput() to dispose of f */
  			error = open_check_o_direct(f);
  			if (error) {
  				fput(f);
  				f = ERR_PTR(error);
  			}
  		} else { 
  			put_filp(f);

  			f = ERR_PTR(error);
  		}

  	}
  	return f;

  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(dentry_open);

  static inline int build_open_flags(int flags, umode_t mode, struct open_flags *op)

  {
  	int lookup_flags = 0;

  	int acc_mode = ACC_MODE(flags);

  	/*
  	 * Clear out all open flags we don't know about so that we don't report
  	 * them in fcntl(F_GETFD) or similar interfaces.
  	 */
  	flags &= VALID_OPEN_FLAGS;

  	if (flags & (O_CREAT | __O_TMPFILE))

  		op->mode = (mode & S_IALLUGO) | S_IFREG;
  	else
  		op->mode = 0;

  
  	/* Must never be set by userspace */

  	flags &= ~FMODE_NONOTIFY & ~O_CLOEXEC;

  
  	/*
  	 * O_SYNC is implemented as __O_SYNC|O_DSYNC.  As many places only
  	 * check for O_DSYNC if the need any syncing at all we enforce it's
  	 * always set instead of having to deal with possibly weird behaviour
  	 * for malicious applications setting only __O_SYNC.
  	 */
  	if (flags & __O_SYNC)
  		flags |= O_DSYNC;

  	if (flags & __O_TMPFILE) {
  		if ((flags & O_TMPFILE_MASK) != O_TMPFILE)

  			return -EINVAL;

  		if (!(acc_mode & MAY_WRITE))
  			return -EINVAL;

  	} else if (flags & O_PATH) {
  		/*
  		 * If we have O_PATH in the open flag. Then we
  		 * cannot have anything other than the below set of flags
  		 */

  		flags &= O_DIRECTORY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_PATH;
  		acc_mode = 0;

  	}

  	op->open_flag = flags;

  
  	/* O_TRUNC implies we need access checks for write permissions */
  	if (flags & O_TRUNC)
  		acc_mode |= MAY_WRITE;
  
  	/* Allow the LSM permission hook to distinguish append
  	   access from general write access. */
  	if (flags & O_APPEND)
  		acc_mode |= MAY_APPEND;
  
  	op->acc_mode = acc_mode;

  	op->intent = flags & O_PATH ? 0 : LOOKUP_OPEN;

  	if (flags & O_CREAT) {
  		op->intent |= LOOKUP_CREATE;
  		if (flags & O_EXCL)
  			op->intent |= LOOKUP_EXCL;
  	}
  
  	if (flags & O_DIRECTORY)
  		lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_DIRECTORY;
  	if (!(flags & O_NOFOLLOW))
  		lookup_flags |= LOOKUP_FOLLOW;

  	op->lookup_flags = lookup_flags;
  	return 0;

  }
  
  /**

   * file_open_name - open file and return file pointer
   *
   * @name:	struct filename containing path to open
   * @flags:	open flags as per the open(2) second argument
   * @mode:	mode for the new file if O_CREAT is set, else ignored
   *
   * This is the helper to open a file from kernelspace if you really
   * have to.  But in generally you should not do this, so please move
   * along, nothing to see here..
   */
  struct file *file_open_name(struct filename *name, int flags, umode_t mode)
  {
  	struct open_flags op;

  	int err = build_open_flags(flags, mode, &op);
  	return err ? ERR_PTR(err) : do_filp_open(AT_FDCWD, name, &op);

  }
  
  /**

   * filp_open - open file and return file pointer
   *
   * @filename:	path to open
   * @flags:	open flags as per the open(2) second argument
   * @mode:	mode for the new file if O_CREAT is set, else ignored
   *
   * This is the helper to open a file from kernelspace if you really
   * have to.  But in generally you should not do this, so please move
   * along, nothing to see here..
   */

  struct file *filp_open(const char *filename, int flags, umode_t mode)

  {

  	struct filename *name = getname_kernel(filename);
  	struct file *file = ERR_CAST(name);
  	
  	if (!IS_ERR(name)) {
  		file = file_open_name(name, flags, mode);
  		putname(name);
  	}
  	return file;

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filp_open);

  struct file *file_open_root(struct dentry *dentry, struct vfsmount *mnt,

  			    const char *filename, int flags, umode_t mode)

  {
  	struct open_flags op;

  	int err = build_open_flags(flags, mode, &op);

  	if (err)
  		return ERR_PTR(err);

  	return do_file_open_root(dentry, mnt, filename, &op);

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_open_root);

  struct file *filp_clone_open(struct file *oldfile)
  {
  	struct file *file;
  	int retval;
  
  	file = get_empty_filp();
  	if (IS_ERR(file))
  		return file;
  
  	file->f_flags = oldfile->f_flags;
  	retval = vfs_open(&oldfile->f_path, file, oldfile->f_cred);
  	if (retval) {
  		put_filp(file);
  		return ERR_PTR(retval);
  	}
  
  	return file;
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filp_clone_open);

  long do_sys_open(int dfd, const char __user *filename, int flags, umode_t mode)

  {

  	struct open_flags op;

  	int fd = build_open_flags(flags, mode, &op);
  	struct filename *tmp;
  
  	if (fd)
  		return fd;
  
  	tmp = getname(filename);
  	if (IS_ERR(tmp))
  		return PTR_ERR(tmp);
  
  	fd = get_unused_fd_flags(flags);
  	if (fd >= 0) {
  		struct file *f = do_filp_open(dfd, tmp, &op);
  		if (IS_ERR(f)) {
  			put_unused_fd(fd);
  			fd = PTR_ERR(f);
  		} else {
  			fsnotify_open(f);
  			fd_install(fd, f);

  		}

  	}

  	putname(tmp);

  	return fd;

  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE3(open, const char __user *, filename, int, flags, umode_t, mode)

  {
  	if (force_o_largefile())
  		flags |= O_LARGEFILE;

  	return do_sys_open(AT_FDCWD, filename, flags, mode);

  }

  SYSCALL_DEFINE4(openat, int, dfd, const char __user *, filename, int, flags,

  		umode_t, mode)

  {
  	if (force_o_largefile())
  		flags |= O_LARGEFILE;

  	return do_sys_open(dfd, filename, flags, mode);

  }

  #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
  /*
   * Exactly like sys_open(), except that it doesn't set the
   * O_LARGEFILE flag.
   */
  COMPAT_SYSCALL_DEFINE3(open, const char __user *, filename, int, flags, umode_t, mode)
  {
  	return do_sys_open(AT_FDCWD, filename, flags, mode);
  }
  
  /*
   * Exactly like sys_openat(), except that it doesn't set the
   * O_LARGEFILE flag.
   */
  COMPAT_SYSCALL_DEFINE4(openat, int, dfd, const char __user *, filename, int, flags, umode_t, mode)
  {
  	return do_sys_open(dfd, filename, flags, mode);
  }
  #endif

  #ifndef __alpha__
  
  /*
   * For backward compatibility?  Maybe this should be moved
   * into arch/i386 instead?
   */

  SYSCALL_DEFINE2(creat, const char __user *, pathname, umode_t, mode)

  {
  	return sys_open(pathname, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, mode);
  }
  
  #endif
  
  /*
   * "id" is the POSIX thread ID. We use the
   * files pointer for this..
   */
  int filp_close(struct file *filp, fl_owner_t id)
  {

  	int retval = 0;

  
  	if (!file_count(filp)) {
  		printk(KERN_ERR "VFS: Close: file count is 0
  ");

  		return 0;

  	}

  	if (filp->f_op->flush)

  		retval = filp->f_op->flush(filp, id);

  	if (likely(!(filp->f_mode & FMODE_PATH))) {
  		dnotify_flush(filp, id);
  		locks_remove_posix(filp, id);
  	}

  	fput(filp);
  	return retval;
  }
  
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filp_close);
  
  /*
   * Careful here! We test whether the file pointer is NULL before
   * releasing the fd. This ensures that one clone task can't release
   * an fd while another clone is opening it.
   */

  SYSCALL_DEFINE1(close, unsigned int, fd)

  {

  	int retval = __close_fd(current->files, fd);

  
  	/* can't restart close syscall because file table entry was cleared */
  	if (unlikely(retval == -ERESTARTSYS ||
  		     retval == -ERESTARTNOINTR ||
  		     retval == -ERESTARTNOHAND ||
  		     retval == -ERESTART_RESTARTBLOCK))
  		retval = -EINTR;
  
  	return retval;

  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(sys_close);
  
  /*
   * This routine simulates a hangup on the tty, to arrange that users
   * are given clean terminals at login time.
   */

  SYSCALL_DEFINE0(vhangup)

  {
  	if (capable(CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG)) {

  		tty_vhangup_self();

  		return 0;
  	}
  	return -EPERM;
  }
  
  /*
   * Called when an inode is about to be open.
   * We use this to disallow opening large files on 32bit systems if
   * the caller didn't specify O_LARGEFILE.  On 64bit systems we force
   * on this flag in sys_open.
   */
  int generic_file_open(struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
  {
  	if (!(filp->f_flags & O_LARGEFILE) && i_size_read(inode) > MAX_NON_LFS)

  		return -EOVERFLOW;

  	return 0;
  }
  
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_open);
  
  /*
   * This is used by subsystems that don't want seekable

   * file descriptors. The function is not supposed to ever fail, the only
   * reason it returns an 'int' and not 'void' is so that it can be plugged
   * directly into file_operations structure.

   */
  int nonseekable_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
  {
  	filp->f_mode &= ~(FMODE_LSEEK | FMODE_PREAD | FMODE_PWRITE);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(nonseekable_open);