Event Tracing
  
  		Documentation written by Theodore Ts'o

  		Updated by Li Zefan and Tom Zanussi

  1. Introduction
  ===============

  
  Tracepoints (see Documentation/trace/tracepoints.txt) can be used
  without creating custom kernel modules to register probe functions
  using the event tracing infrastructure.
  
  Not all tracepoints can be traced using the event tracing system;
  the kernel developer must provide code snippets which define how the
  tracing information is saved into the tracing buffer, and how the

  tracing information should be printed.

  2. Using Event Tracing
  ======================
  
  2.1 Via the 'set_event' interface
  ---------------------------------

  
  The events which are available for tracing can be found in the file

  /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/available_events.

  
  To enable a particular event, such as 'sched_wakeup', simply echo it

  to /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/set_event. For example:

  	# echo sched_wakeup >> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/set_event

  [ Note: '>>' is necessary, otherwise it will firstly disable
    all the events. ]

  
  To disable an event, echo the event name to the set_event file prefixed
  with an exclamation point:

  	# echo '!sched_wakeup' >> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/set_event

  
  To disable all events, echo an empty line to the set_event file:

  	# echo > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/set_event

  To enable all events, echo '*:*' or '*:' to the set_event file:

  	# echo *:* > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/set_event

  
  The events are organized into subsystems, such as ext4, irq, sched,
  etc., and a full event name looks like this: <subsystem>:<event>.  The
  subsystem name is optional, but it is displayed in the available_events
  file.  All of the events in a subsystem can be specified via the syntax
  "<subsystem>:*"; for example, to enable all irq events, you can use the
  command:

  	# echo 'irq:*' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/set_event

  
  2.2 Via the 'enable' toggle
  ---------------------------

  The events available are also listed in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/ hierarchy

  of directories.
  
  To enable event 'sched_wakeup':

  	# echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/sched/sched_wakeup/enable

  
  To disable it:

  	# echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/sched/sched_wakeup/enable

  
  To enable all events in sched subsystem:

  	# echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/sched/enable

  To enable all events:

  	# echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/enable

  
  When reading one of these enable files, there are four results:
  
   0 - all events this file affects are disabled
   1 - all events this file affects are enabled
   X - there is a mixture of events enabled and disabled
   ? - this file does not affect any event

  2.3 Boot option
  ---------------
  
  In order to facilitate early boot debugging, use boot option:
  
  	trace_event=[event-list]

  event-list is a comma separated list of events. See section 2.1 for event
  format.

  3. Defining an event-enabled tracepoint
  =======================================
  
  See The example provided in samples/trace_events

  4. Event formats
  ================
  
  Each trace event has a 'format' file associated with it that contains
  a description of each field in a logged event.  This information can
  be used to parse the binary trace stream, and is also the place to
  find the field names that can be used in event filters (see section 5).
  
  It also displays the format string that will be used to print the
  event in text mode, along with the event name and ID used for
  profiling.
  
  Every event has a set of 'common' fields associated with it; these are
  the fields prefixed with 'common_'.  The other fields vary between
  events and correspond to the fields defined in the TRACE_EVENT
  definition for that event.
  
  Each field in the format has the form:
  
       field:field-type field-name; offset:N; size:N;
  
  where offset is the offset of the field in the trace record and size
  is the size of the data item, in bytes.
  
  For example, here's the information displayed for the 'sched_wakeup'
  event:

  # cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/sched/sched_wakeup/format

  
  name: sched_wakeup
  ID: 60
  format:
  	field:unsigned short common_type;	offset:0;	size:2;
  	field:unsigned char common_flags;	offset:2;	size:1;
  	field:unsigned char common_preempt_count;	offset:3;	size:1;
  	field:int common_pid;	offset:4;	size:4;
  	field:int common_tgid;	offset:8;	size:4;
  
  	field:char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];	offset:12;	size:16;
  	field:pid_t pid;	offset:28;	size:4;
  	field:int prio;	offset:32;	size:4;
  	field:int success;	offset:36;	size:4;
  	field:int cpu;	offset:40;	size:4;
  
  print fmt: "task %s:%d [%d] success=%d [%03d]", REC->comm, REC->pid,
  	   REC->prio, REC->success, REC->cpu
  
  This event contains 10 fields, the first 5 common and the remaining 5
  event-specific.  All the fields for this event are numeric, except for
  'comm' which is a string, a distinction important for event filtering.
  
  5. Event filtering
  ==================
  
  Trace events can be filtered in the kernel by associating boolean
  'filter expressions' with them.  As soon as an event is logged into
  the trace buffer, its fields are checked against the filter expression
  associated with that event type.  An event with field values that
  'match' the filter will appear in the trace output, and an event whose
  values don't match will be discarded.  An event with no filter
  associated with it matches everything, and is the default when no
  filter has been set for an event.
  
  5.1 Expression syntax
  ---------------------
  
  A filter expression consists of one or more 'predicates' that can be
  combined using the logical operators '&&' and '||'.  A predicate is
  simply a clause that compares the value of a field contained within a
  logged event with a constant value and returns either 0 or 1 depending
  on whether the field value matched (1) or didn't match (0):
  
  	  field-name relational-operator value
  
  Parentheses can be used to provide arbitrary logical groupings and
  double-quotes can be used to prevent the shell from interpreting
  operators as shell metacharacters.
  
  The field-names available for use in filters can be found in the
  'format' files for trace events (see section 4).
  
  The relational-operators depend on the type of the field being tested:
  
  The operators available for numeric fields are:
  
  ==, !=, <, <=, >, >=
  
  And for string fields they are:
  
  ==, !=
  
  Currently, only exact string matches are supported.

  5.2 Setting filters
  -------------------
  
  A filter for an individual event is set by writing a filter expression
  to the 'filter' file for the given event.
  
  For example:

  # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/sched/sched_wakeup

  # echo "common_preempt_count > 4" > filter
  
  A slightly more involved example:

  # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/signal/signal_generate

  # echo "((sig >= 10 && sig < 15) || sig == 17) && comm != bash" > filter
  
  If there is an error in the expression, you'll get an 'Invalid
  argument' error when setting it, and the erroneous string along with
  an error message can be seen by looking at the filter e.g.:

  # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/signal/signal_generate

  # echo "((sig >= 10 && sig < 15) || dsig == 17) && comm != bash" > filter
  -bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument
  # cat filter
  ((sig >= 10 && sig < 15) || dsig == 17) && comm != bash
  ^
  parse_error: Field not found
  
  Currently the caret ('^') for an error always appears at the beginning of
  the filter string; the error message should still be useful though
  even without more accurate position info.
  
  5.3 Clearing filters
  --------------------
  
  To clear the filter for an event, write a '0' to the event's filter
  file.
  
  To clear the filters for all events in a subsystem, write a '0' to the
  subsystem's filter file.
  
  5.3 Subsystem filters
  ---------------------
  
  For convenience, filters for every event in a subsystem can be set or
  cleared as a group by writing a filter expression into the filter file

  at the root of the subsystem.  Note however, that if a filter for any

  event within the subsystem lacks a field specified in the subsystem
  filter, or if the filter can't be applied for any other reason, the
  filter for that event will retain its previous setting.  This can
  result in an unintended mixture of filters which could lead to
  confusing (to the user who might think different filters are in
  effect) trace output.  Only filters that reference just the common
  fields can be guaranteed to propagate successfully to all events.
  
  Here are a few subsystem filter examples that also illustrate the
  above points:

  Clear the filters on all events in the sched subsystem:

  
  # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/sched
  # echo 0 > filter
  # cat sched_switch/filter
  none
  # cat sched_wakeup/filter
  none
  
  Set a filter using only common fields for all events in the sched

  subsystem (all events end up with the same filter):

  
  # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/sched
  # echo common_pid == 0 > filter
  # cat sched_switch/filter
  common_pid == 0
  # cat sched_wakeup/filter
  common_pid == 0
  
  Attempt to set a filter using a non-common field for all events in the

  sched subsystem (all events but those that have a prev_pid field retain

  their old filters):
  
  # cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/sched
  # echo prev_pid == 0 > filter
  # cat sched_switch/filter
  prev_pid == 0
  # cat sched_wakeup/filter
  common_pid == 0