kcov: code coverage for fuzzing
  ===============================
  
  kcov exposes kernel code coverage information in a form suitable for coverage-
  guided fuzzing (randomized testing). Coverage data of a running kernel is
  exported via the "kcov" debugfs file. Coverage collection is enabled on a task
  basis, and thus it can capture precise coverage of a single system call.
  
  Note that kcov does not aim to collect as much coverage as possible. It aims
  to collect more or less stable coverage that is function of syscall inputs.
  To achieve this goal it does not collect coverage in soft/hard interrupts
  and instrumentation of some inherently non-deterministic parts of kernel is

  disabled (e.g. scheduler, locking).

  kcov is also able to collect comparison operands from the instrumented code
  (this feature currently requires that the kernel is compiled with clang).
  
  Prerequisites
  -------------

  Configure the kernel with::

  
          CONFIG_KCOV=y

  CONFIG_KCOV requires gcc 6.1.0 or later.

  
  If the comparison operands need to be collected, set::
  
  	CONFIG_KCOV_ENABLE_COMPARISONS=y

  Profiling data will only become accessible once debugfs has been mounted::

  
          mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug

  Coverage collection
  -------------------
  The following program demonstrates coverage collection from within a test
  program using kcov:

  
  .. code-block:: c

  
      #include <stdio.h>
      #include <stddef.h>
      #include <stdint.h>
      #include <stdlib.h>
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <sys/stat.h>
      #include <sys/ioctl.h>
      #include <sys/mman.h>
      #include <unistd.h>
      #include <fcntl.h>
  
      #define KCOV_INIT_TRACE			_IOR('c', 1, unsigned long)
      #define KCOV_ENABLE			_IO('c', 100)
      #define KCOV_DISABLE			_IO('c', 101)
      #define COVER_SIZE			(64<<10)

      #define KCOV_TRACE_PC  0
      #define KCOV_TRACE_CMP 1

      int main(int argc, char **argv)
      {

  	int fd;
  	unsigned long *cover, n, i;
  
  	/* A single fd descriptor allows coverage collection on a single
  	 * thread.
  	 */
  	fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
  	if (fd == -1)
  		perror("open"), exit(1);
  	/* Setup trace mode and trace size. */
  	if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
  		perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
  	/* Mmap buffer shared between kernel- and user-space. */
  	cover = (unsigned long*)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
  				     PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
  	if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
  		perror("mmap"), exit(1);
  	/* Enable coverage collection on the current thread. */

  	if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_ENABLE, KCOV_TRACE_PC))

  		perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
  	/* Reset coverage from the tail of the ioctl() call. */
  	__atomic_store_n(&cover[0], 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
  	/* That's the target syscal call. */
  	read(-1, NULL, 0);
  	/* Read number of PCs collected. */
  	n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
  	for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
  		printf("0x%lx
  ", cover[i + 1]);
  	/* Disable coverage collection for the current thread. After this call
  	 * coverage can be enabled for a different thread.
  	 */
  	if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
  		perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
  	/* Free resources. */
  	if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
  		perror("munmap"), exit(1);
  	if (close(fd))
  		perror("close"), exit(1);
  	return 0;

      }
  
  After piping through addr2line output of the program looks as follows::
  
      SyS_read
      fs/read_write.c:562
      __fdget_pos
      fs/file.c:774
      __fget_light
      fs/file.c:746
      __fget_light
      fs/file.c:750
      __fget_light
      fs/file.c:760
      __fdget_pos
      fs/file.c:784
      SyS_read
      fs/read_write.c:562

  
  If a program needs to collect coverage from several threads (independently),
  it needs to open /sys/kernel/debug/kcov in each thread separately.
  
  The interface is fine-grained to allow efficient forking of test processes.
  That is, a parent process opens /sys/kernel/debug/kcov, enables trace mode,
  mmaps coverage buffer and then forks child processes in a loop. Child processes
  only need to enable coverage (disable happens automatically on thread end).

  
  Comparison operands collection
  ------------------------------
  Comparison operands collection is similar to coverage collection:
  
  .. code-block:: c
  
      /* Same includes and defines as above. */
  
      /* Number of 64-bit words per record. */
      #define KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP 4
  
      /*
       * The format for the types of collected comparisons.
       *
       * Bit 0 shows whether one of the arguments is a compile-time constant.
       * Bits 1 & 2 contain log2 of the argument size, up to 8 bytes.
       */
  
      #define KCOV_CMP_CONST          (1 << 0)
      #define KCOV_CMP_SIZE(n)        ((n) << 1)
      #define KCOV_CMP_MASK           KCOV_CMP_SIZE(3)
  
      int main(int argc, char **argv)
      {
  	int fd;
  	uint64_t *cover, type, arg1, arg2, is_const, size;
  	unsigned long n, i;
  
  	fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
  	if (fd == -1)
  		perror("open"), exit(1);
  	if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
  		perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
  	/*
  	* Note that the buffer pointer is of type uint64_t*, because all
  	* the comparison operands are promoted to uint64_t.
  	*/
  	cover = (uint64_t *)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
  				     PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
  	if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
  		perror("mmap"), exit(1);
  	/* Note KCOV_TRACE_CMP instead of KCOV_TRACE_PC. */
  	if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_ENABLE, KCOV_TRACE_CMP))
  		perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
  	__atomic_store_n(&cover[0], 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
  	read(-1, NULL, 0);
  	/* Read number of comparisons collected. */
  	n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
  	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
  		type = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 1];
  		/* arg1 and arg2 - operands of the comparison. */
  		arg1 = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 2];
  		arg2 = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 3];
  		/* ip - caller address. */
  		ip = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 4];
  		/* size of the operands. */
  		size = 1 << ((type & KCOV_CMP_MASK) >> 1);
  		/* is_const - true if either operand is a compile-time constant.*/
  		is_const = type & KCOV_CMP_CONST;
  		printf("ip: 0x%lx type: 0x%lx, arg1: 0x%lx, arg2: 0x%lx, "
  			"size: %lu, %s
  ",
  			ip, type, arg1, arg2, size,
  		is_const ? "const" : "non-const");
  	}
  	if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
  		perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
  	/* Free resources. */
  	if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
  		perror("munmap"), exit(1);
  	if (close(fd))
  		perror("close"), exit(1);
  	return 0;
      }
  
  Note that the kcov modes (coverage collection or comparison operands) are
  mutually exclusive.