=================
  SPI userspace API
  =================

  SPI devices have a limited userspace API, supporting basic half-duplex
  read() and write() access to SPI slave devices.  Using ioctl() requests,
  full duplex transfers and device I/O configuration are also available.

  ::

  	#include <fcntl.h>
  	#include <unistd.h>
  	#include <sys/ioctl.h>
  	#include <linux/types.h>
  	#include <linux/spi/spidev.h>
  
  Some reasons you might want to use this programming interface include:
  
   * Prototyping in an environment that's not crash-prone; stray pointers
     in userspace won't normally bring down any Linux system.
  
   * Developing simple protocols used to talk to microcontrollers acting
     as SPI slaves, which you may need to change quite often.
  
  Of course there are drivers that can never be written in userspace, because
  they need to access kernel interfaces (such as IRQ handlers or other layers
  of the driver stack) that are not accessible to userspace.
  
  
  DEVICE CREATION, DRIVER BINDING
  ===============================
  The simplest way to arrange to use this driver is to just list it in the
  spi_board_info for a device as the driver it should use:  the "modalias"
  entry is "spidev", matching the name of the driver exposing this API.
  Set up the other device characteristics (bits per word, SPI clocking,
  chipselect polarity, etc) as usual, so you won't always need to override
  them later.
  
  (Sysfs also supports userspace driven binding/unbinding of drivers to
  devices.  That mechanism might be supported here in the future.)
  
  When you do that, the sysfs node for the SPI device will include a child
  device node with a "dev" attribute that will be understood by udev or mdev.
  (Larger systems will have "udev".  Smaller ones may configure "mdev" into
  busybox; it's less featureful, but often enough.)  For a SPI device with
  chipselect C on bus B, you should see:

      /dev/spidevB.C ...
  	character special device, major number 153 with

  	a dynamically chosen minor device number.  This is the node
  	that userspace programs will open, created by "udev" or "mdev".

      /sys/devices/.../spiB.C ...
  	as usual, the SPI device node will

  	be a child of its SPI master controller.

      /sys/class/spidev/spidevB.C ...
  	created when the "spidev" driver

  	binds to that device.  (Directory or symlink, based on whether
  	or not you enabled the "deprecated sysfs files" Kconfig option.)
  
  Do not try to manage the /dev character device special file nodes by hand.
  That's error prone, and you'd need to pay careful attention to system
  security issues; udev/mdev should already be configured securely.
  
  If you unbind the "spidev" driver from that device, those two "spidev" nodes
  (in sysfs and in /dev) should automatically be removed (respectively by the
  kernel and by udev/mdev).  You can unbind by removing the "spidev" driver
  module, which will affect all devices using this driver.  You can also unbind
  by having kernel code remove the SPI device, probably by removing the driver
  for its SPI controller (so its spi_master vanishes).
  
  Since this is a standard Linux device driver -- even though it just happens
  to expose a low level API to userspace -- it can be associated with any number
  of devices at a time.  Just provide one spi_board_info record for each such
  SPI device, and you'll get a /dev device node for each device.
  
  
  BASIC CHARACTER DEVICE API
  ==========================
  Normal open() and close() operations on /dev/spidevB.D files work as you
  would expect.
  
  Standard read() and write() operations are obviously only half-duplex, and
  the chipselect is deactivated between those operations.  Full-duplex access,
  and composite operation without chipselect de-activation, is available using
  the SPI_IOC_MESSAGE(N) request.
  
  Several ioctl() requests let your driver read or override the device's current
  settings for data transfer parameters:

      SPI_IOC_RD_MODE, SPI_IOC_WR_MODE ...
  	pass a pointer to a byte which will

  	return (RD) or assign (WR) the SPI transfer mode.  Use the constants
  	SPI_MODE_0..SPI_MODE_3; or if you prefer you can combine SPI_CPOL
  	(clock polarity, idle high iff this is set) or SPI_CPHA (clock phase,
  	sample on trailing edge iff this is set) flags.

  	Note that this request is limited to SPI mode flags that fit in a
  	single byte.

      SPI_IOC_RD_MODE32, SPI_IOC_WR_MODE32 ...
  	pass a pointer to a uin32_t

  	which will return (RD) or assign (WR) the full SPI transfer mode,
  	not limited to the bits that fit in one byte.

      SPI_IOC_RD_LSB_FIRST, SPI_IOC_WR_LSB_FIRST ...
  	pass a pointer to a byte

  	which will return (RD) or assign (WR) the bit justification used to
  	transfer SPI words.  Zero indicates MSB-first; other values indicate
  	the less common LSB-first encoding.  In both cases the specified value
  	is right-justified in each word, so that unused (TX) or undefined (RX)
  	bits are in the MSBs.

      SPI_IOC_RD_BITS_PER_WORD, SPI_IOC_WR_BITS_PER_WORD ...
  	pass a pointer to

  	a byte which will return (RD) or assign (WR) the number of bits in
  	each SPI transfer word.  The value zero signifies eight bits.

      SPI_IOC_RD_MAX_SPEED_HZ, SPI_IOC_WR_MAX_SPEED_HZ ...
  	pass a pointer to a

  	u32 which will return (RD) or assign (WR) the maximum SPI transfer
  	speed, in Hz.  The controller can't necessarily assign that specific
  	clock speed.
  
  NOTES:
  
      - At this time there is no async I/O support; everything is purely
        synchronous.
  
      - There's currently no way to report the actual bit rate used to
        shift data to/from a given device.
  
      - From userspace, you can't currently change the chip select polarity;
        that could corrupt transfers to other devices sharing the SPI bus.
        Each SPI device is deselected when it's not in active use, allowing
        other drivers to talk to other devices.
  
      - There's a limit on the number of bytes each I/O request can transfer
        to the SPI device.  It defaults to one page, but that can be changed
        using a module parameter.
  
      - Because SPI has no low-level transfer acknowledgement, you usually
        won't see any I/O errors when talking to a non-existent device.
  
  
  FULL DUPLEX CHARACTER DEVICE API
  ================================

  See the spidev_fdx.c sample program for one example showing the use of the
  full duplex programming interface.  (Although it doesn't perform a full duplex

  transfer.)  The model is the same as that used in the kernel spi_sync()
  request; the individual transfers offer the same capabilities as are
  available to kernel drivers (except that it's not asynchronous).
  
  The example shows one half-duplex RPC-style request and response message.
  These requests commonly require that the chip not be deselected between
  the request and response.  Several such requests could be chained into
  a single kernel request, even allowing the chip to be deselected after
  each response.  (Other protocol options include changing the word size
  and bitrate for each transfer segment.)
  
  To make a full duplex request, provide both rx_buf and tx_buf for the
  same transfer.  It's even OK if those are the same buffer.