// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only

  /*
   *  linux/mm/vmstat.c
   *
   *  Manages VM statistics
   *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994  Linus Torvalds

   *
   *  zoned VM statistics
   *  Copyright (C) 2006 Silicon Graphics, Inc.,
   *		Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com>

   *  Copyright (C) 2008-2014 Christoph Lameter

   */

  #include <linux/fs.h>

  #include <linux/mm.h>

  #include <linux/err.h>

  #include <linux/module.h>

  #include <linux/slab.h>

  #include <linux/cpu.h>

  #include <linux/cpumask.h>

  #include <linux/vmstat.h>

  #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
  #include <linux/seq_file.h>
  #include <linux/debugfs.h>

  #include <linux/sched.h>

  #include <linux/math64.h>

  #include <linux/writeback.h>

  #include <linux/compaction.h>

  #include <linux/mm_inline.h>

  #include <linux/page_ext.h>
  #include <linux/page_owner.h>

  
  #include "internal.h"

  #define NUMA_STATS_THRESHOLD (U16_MAX - 2)

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  int sysctl_vm_numa_stat = ENABLE_NUMA_STAT;
  
  /* zero numa counters within a zone */
  static void zero_zone_numa_counters(struct zone *zone)
  {
  	int item, cpu;
  
  	for (item = 0; item < NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS; item++) {
  		atomic_long_set(&zone->vm_numa_stat[item], 0);
  		for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
  			per_cpu_ptr(zone->pageset, cpu)->vm_numa_stat_diff[item]
  						= 0;
  	}
  }
  
  /* zero numa counters of all the populated zones */
  static void zero_zones_numa_counters(void)
  {
  	struct zone *zone;
  
  	for_each_populated_zone(zone)
  		zero_zone_numa_counters(zone);
  }
  
  /* zero global numa counters */
  static void zero_global_numa_counters(void)
  {
  	int item;
  
  	for (item = 0; item < NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS; item++)
  		atomic_long_set(&vm_numa_stat[item], 0);
  }
  
  static void invalid_numa_statistics(void)
  {
  	zero_zones_numa_counters();
  	zero_global_numa_counters();
  }
  
  static DEFINE_MUTEX(vm_numa_stat_lock);
  
  int sysctl_vm_numa_stat_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,

  		void *buffer, size_t *length, loff_t *ppos)

  {
  	int ret, oldval;
  
  	mutex_lock(&vm_numa_stat_lock);
  	if (write)
  		oldval = sysctl_vm_numa_stat;
  	ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, length, ppos);
  	if (ret || !write)
  		goto out;
  
  	if (oldval == sysctl_vm_numa_stat)
  		goto out;
  	else if (sysctl_vm_numa_stat == ENABLE_NUMA_STAT) {
  		static_branch_enable(&vm_numa_stat_key);
  		pr_info("enable numa statistics
  ");
  	} else {
  		static_branch_disable(&vm_numa_stat_key);
  		invalid_numa_statistics();
  		pr_info("disable numa statistics, and clear numa counters
  ");
  	}
  
  out:
  	mutex_unlock(&vm_numa_stat_lock);
  	return ret;
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS
  DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct vm_event_state, vm_event_states) = {{0}};
  EXPORT_PER_CPU_SYMBOL(vm_event_states);

  static void sum_vm_events(unsigned long *ret)

  {

  	int cpu;

  	int i;
  
  	memset(ret, 0, NR_VM_EVENT_ITEMS * sizeof(unsigned long));

  	for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {

  		struct vm_event_state *this = &per_cpu(vm_event_states, cpu);

  		for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_EVENT_ITEMS; i++)
  			ret[i] += this->event[i];
  	}
  }
  
  /*
   * Accumulate the vm event counters across all CPUs.
   * The result is unavoidably approximate - it can change
   * during and after execution of this function.
  */
  void all_vm_events(unsigned long *ret)
  {

  	get_online_cpus();

  	sum_vm_events(ret);

  	put_online_cpus();

  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(all_vm_events);

  /*
   * Fold the foreign cpu events into our own.
   *
   * This is adding to the events on one processor
   * but keeps the global counts constant.
   */
  void vm_events_fold_cpu(int cpu)
  {
  	struct vm_event_state *fold_state = &per_cpu(vm_event_states, cpu);
  	int i;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_EVENT_ITEMS; i++) {
  		count_vm_events(i, fold_state->event[i]);
  		fold_state->event[i] = 0;
  	}
  }

  
  #endif /* CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS */

  /*
   * Manage combined zone based / global counters
   *
   * vm_stat contains the global counters
   */

  atomic_long_t vm_zone_stat[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS] __cacheline_aligned_in_smp;

  atomic_long_t vm_numa_stat[NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS] __cacheline_aligned_in_smp;

  atomic_long_t vm_node_stat[NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS] __cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_zone_stat);

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_numa_stat);

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_node_stat);

  
  #ifdef CONFIG_SMP

  int calculate_pressure_threshold(struct zone *zone)

  {
  	int threshold;
  	int watermark_distance;
  
  	/*
  	 * As vmstats are not up to date, there is drift between the estimated
  	 * and real values. For high thresholds and a high number of CPUs, it
  	 * is possible for the min watermark to be breached while the estimated
  	 * value looks fine. The pressure threshold is a reduced value such
  	 * that even the maximum amount of drift will not accidentally breach
  	 * the min watermark
  	 */
  	watermark_distance = low_wmark_pages(zone) - min_wmark_pages(zone);
  	threshold = max(1, (int)(watermark_distance / num_online_cpus()));
  
  	/*
  	 * Maximum threshold is 125
  	 */
  	threshold = min(125, threshold);
  
  	return threshold;
  }

  int calculate_normal_threshold(struct zone *zone)

  {
  	int threshold;
  	int mem;	/* memory in 128 MB units */
  
  	/*
  	 * The threshold scales with the number of processors and the amount
  	 * of memory per zone. More memory means that we can defer updates for
  	 * longer, more processors could lead to more contention.
   	 * fls() is used to have a cheap way of logarithmic scaling.
  	 *
  	 * Some sample thresholds:
  	 *
  	 * Threshold	Processors	(fls)	Zonesize	fls(mem+1)
  	 * ------------------------------------------------------------------
  	 * 8		1		1	0.9-1 GB	4
  	 * 16		2		2	0.9-1 GB	4
  	 * 20 		2		2	1-2 GB		5
  	 * 24		2		2	2-4 GB		6
  	 * 28		2		2	4-8 GB		7
  	 * 32		2		2	8-16 GB		8
  	 * 4		2		2	<128M		1
  	 * 30		4		3	2-4 GB		5
  	 * 48		4		3	8-16 GB		8
  	 * 32		8		4	1-2 GB		4
  	 * 32		8		4	0.9-1GB		4
  	 * 10		16		5	<128M		1
  	 * 40		16		5	900M		4
  	 * 70		64		7	2-4 GB		5
  	 * 84		64		7	4-8 GB		6
  	 * 108		512		9	4-8 GB		6
  	 * 125		1024		10	8-16 GB		8
  	 * 125		1024		10	16-32 GB	9
  	 */

  	mem = zone_managed_pages(zone) >> (27 - PAGE_SHIFT);

  
  	threshold = 2 * fls(num_online_cpus()) * (1 + fls(mem));
  
  	/*
  	 * Maximum threshold is 125
  	 */
  	threshold = min(125, threshold);
  
  	return threshold;
  }

  
  /*

   * Refresh the thresholds for each zone.

   */

  void refresh_zone_stat_thresholds(void)

  {

  	struct pglist_data *pgdat;

  	struct zone *zone;
  	int cpu;
  	int threshold;

  	/* Zero current pgdat thresholds */
  	for_each_online_pgdat(pgdat) {
  		for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
  			per_cpu_ptr(pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats, cpu)->stat_threshold = 0;
  		}
  	}

  	for_each_populated_zone(zone) {

  		struct pglist_data *pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;

  		unsigned long max_drift, tolerate_drift;

  		threshold = calculate_normal_threshold(zone);

  		for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
  			int pgdat_threshold;

  			per_cpu_ptr(zone->pageset, cpu)->stat_threshold
  							= threshold;

  			/* Base nodestat threshold on the largest populated zone. */
  			pgdat_threshold = per_cpu_ptr(pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats, cpu)->stat_threshold;
  			per_cpu_ptr(pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats, cpu)->stat_threshold
  				= max(threshold, pgdat_threshold);
  		}

  		/*
  		 * Only set percpu_drift_mark if there is a danger that
  		 * NR_FREE_PAGES reports the low watermark is ok when in fact
  		 * the min watermark could be breached by an allocation
  		 */
  		tolerate_drift = low_wmark_pages(zone) - min_wmark_pages(zone);
  		max_drift = num_online_cpus() * threshold;
  		if (max_drift > tolerate_drift)
  			zone->percpu_drift_mark = high_wmark_pages(zone) +
  					max_drift;

  	}

  }

  void set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pg_data_t *pgdat,
  				int (*calculate_pressure)(struct zone *))

  {
  	struct zone *zone;
  	int cpu;
  	int threshold;
  	int i;

  	for (i = 0; i < pgdat->nr_zones; i++) {
  		zone = &pgdat->node_zones[i];
  		if (!zone->percpu_drift_mark)
  			continue;

  		threshold = (*calculate_pressure)(zone);

  		for_each_online_cpu(cpu)

  			per_cpu_ptr(zone->pageset, cpu)->stat_threshold
  							= threshold;
  	}

  }

  /*

   * For use when we know that interrupts are disabled,
   * or when we know that preemption is disabled and that
   * particular counter cannot be updated from interrupt context.

   */
  void __mod_zone_page_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item,

  			   long delta)

  {

  	struct per_cpu_pageset __percpu *pcp = zone->pageset;
  	s8 __percpu *p = pcp->vm_stat_diff + item;

  	long x;

  	long t;
  
  	x = delta + __this_cpu_read(*p);

  	t = __this_cpu_read(pcp->stat_threshold);

  	if (unlikely(x > t || x < -t)) {

  		zone_page_state_add(x, zone, item);
  		x = 0;
  	}

  	__this_cpu_write(*p, x);

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(__mod_zone_page_state);

  void __mod_node_page_state(struct pglist_data *pgdat, enum node_stat_item item,
  				long delta)
  {
  	struct per_cpu_nodestat __percpu *pcp = pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats;
  	s8 __percpu *p = pcp->vm_node_stat_diff + item;
  	long x;
  	long t;

  	if (vmstat_item_in_bytes(item)) {
  		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(delta & (PAGE_SIZE - 1));
  		delta >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
  	}

  	x = delta + __this_cpu_read(*p);
  
  	t = __this_cpu_read(pcp->stat_threshold);
  
  	if (unlikely(x > t || x < -t)) {
  		node_page_state_add(x, pgdat, item);
  		x = 0;
  	}
  	__this_cpu_write(*p, x);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(__mod_node_page_state);

  /*

   * Optimized increment and decrement functions.
   *
   * These are only for a single page and therefore can take a struct page *
   * argument instead of struct zone *. This allows the inclusion of the code
   * generated for page_zone(page) into the optimized functions.
   *
   * No overflow check is necessary and therefore the differential can be
   * incremented or decremented in place which may allow the compilers to
   * generate better code.

   * The increment or decrement is known and therefore one boundary check can
   * be omitted.
   *

   * NOTE: These functions are very performance sensitive. Change only
   * with care.
   *

   * Some processors have inc/dec instructions that are atomic vs an interrupt.
   * However, the code must first determine the differential location in a zone
   * based on the processor number and then inc/dec the counter. There is no
   * guarantee without disabling preemption that the processor will not change
   * in between and therefore the atomicity vs. interrupt cannot be exploited
   * in a useful way here.
   */

  void __inc_zone_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item)

  {

  	struct per_cpu_pageset __percpu *pcp = zone->pageset;
  	s8 __percpu *p = pcp->vm_stat_diff + item;
  	s8 v, t;

  	v = __this_cpu_inc_return(*p);

  	t = __this_cpu_read(pcp->stat_threshold);
  	if (unlikely(v > t)) {
  		s8 overstep = t >> 1;

  		zone_page_state_add(v + overstep, zone, item);
  		__this_cpu_write(*p, -overstep);

  	}
  }

  void __inc_node_state(struct pglist_data *pgdat, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	struct per_cpu_nodestat __percpu *pcp = pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats;
  	s8 __percpu *p = pcp->vm_node_stat_diff + item;
  	s8 v, t;

  	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(vmstat_item_in_bytes(item));

  	v = __this_cpu_inc_return(*p);
  	t = __this_cpu_read(pcp->stat_threshold);
  	if (unlikely(v > t)) {
  		s8 overstep = t >> 1;
  
  		node_page_state_add(v + overstep, pgdat, item);
  		__this_cpu_write(*p, -overstep);
  	}
  }

  void __inc_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
  {
  	__inc_zone_state(page_zone(page), item);
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(__inc_zone_page_state);

  void __inc_node_page_state(struct page *page, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	__inc_node_state(page_pgdat(page), item);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(__inc_node_page_state);

  void __dec_zone_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item)

  {

  	struct per_cpu_pageset __percpu *pcp = zone->pageset;
  	s8 __percpu *p = pcp->vm_stat_diff + item;
  	s8 v, t;

  	v = __this_cpu_dec_return(*p);

  	t = __this_cpu_read(pcp->stat_threshold);
  	if (unlikely(v < - t)) {
  		s8 overstep = t >> 1;

  		zone_page_state_add(v - overstep, zone, item);
  		__this_cpu_write(*p, overstep);

  	}
  }

  void __dec_node_state(struct pglist_data *pgdat, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	struct per_cpu_nodestat __percpu *pcp = pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats;
  	s8 __percpu *p = pcp->vm_node_stat_diff + item;
  	s8 v, t;

  	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(vmstat_item_in_bytes(item));

  	v = __this_cpu_dec_return(*p);
  	t = __this_cpu_read(pcp->stat_threshold);
  	if (unlikely(v < - t)) {
  		s8 overstep = t >> 1;
  
  		node_page_state_add(v - overstep, pgdat, item);
  		__this_cpu_write(*p, overstep);
  	}
  }

  void __dec_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
  {
  	__dec_zone_state(page_zone(page), item);
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(__dec_zone_page_state);

  void __dec_node_page_state(struct page *page, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	__dec_node_state(page_pgdat(page), item);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(__dec_node_page_state);

  #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_CMPXCHG_LOCAL

  /*
   * If we have cmpxchg_local support then we do not need to incur the overhead
   * that comes with local_irq_save/restore if we use this_cpu_cmpxchg.
   *
   * mod_state() modifies the zone counter state through atomic per cpu
   * operations.
   *
   * Overstep mode specifies how overstep should handled:
   *     0       No overstepping
   *     1       Overstepping half of threshold
   *     -1      Overstepping minus half of threshold
  */

  static inline void mod_zone_state(struct zone *zone,
         enum zone_stat_item item, long delta, int overstep_mode)

  {
  	struct per_cpu_pageset __percpu *pcp = zone->pageset;
  	s8 __percpu *p = pcp->vm_stat_diff + item;
  	long o, n, t, z;
  
  	do {
  		z = 0;  /* overflow to zone counters */
  
  		/*
  		 * The fetching of the stat_threshold is racy. We may apply
  		 * a counter threshold to the wrong the cpu if we get

  		 * rescheduled while executing here. However, the next
  		 * counter update will apply the threshold again and
  		 * therefore bring the counter under the threshold again.
  		 *
  		 * Most of the time the thresholds are the same anyways
  		 * for all cpus in a zone.

  		 */
  		t = this_cpu_read(pcp->stat_threshold);
  
  		o = this_cpu_read(*p);
  		n = delta + o;
  
  		if (n > t || n < -t) {
  			int os = overstep_mode * (t >> 1) ;
  
  			/* Overflow must be added to zone counters */
  			z = n + os;
  			n = -os;
  		}
  	} while (this_cpu_cmpxchg(*p, o, n) != o);
  
  	if (z)
  		zone_page_state_add(z, zone, item);
  }
  
  void mod_zone_page_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item,

  			 long delta)

  {

  	mod_zone_state(zone, item, delta, 0);

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(mod_zone_page_state);

  void inc_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
  {

  	mod_zone_state(page_zone(page), item, 1, 1);

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(inc_zone_page_state);
  
  void dec_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
  {

  	mod_zone_state(page_zone(page), item, -1, -1);

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(dec_zone_page_state);

  
  static inline void mod_node_state(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
         enum node_stat_item item, int delta, int overstep_mode)
  {
  	struct per_cpu_nodestat __percpu *pcp = pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats;
  	s8 __percpu *p = pcp->vm_node_stat_diff + item;
  	long o, n, t, z;

  	if (vmstat_item_in_bytes(item)) {
  		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(delta & (PAGE_SIZE - 1));
  		delta >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
  	}

  	do {
  		z = 0;  /* overflow to node counters */
  
  		/*
  		 * The fetching of the stat_threshold is racy. We may apply
  		 * a counter threshold to the wrong the cpu if we get
  		 * rescheduled while executing here. However, the next
  		 * counter update will apply the threshold again and
  		 * therefore bring the counter under the threshold again.
  		 *
  		 * Most of the time the thresholds are the same anyways
  		 * for all cpus in a node.
  		 */
  		t = this_cpu_read(pcp->stat_threshold);
  
  		o = this_cpu_read(*p);
  		n = delta + o;
  
  		if (n > t || n < -t) {
  			int os = overstep_mode * (t >> 1) ;
  
  			/* Overflow must be added to node counters */
  			z = n + os;
  			n = -os;
  		}
  	} while (this_cpu_cmpxchg(*p, o, n) != o);
  
  	if (z)
  		node_page_state_add(z, pgdat, item);
  }
  
  void mod_node_page_state(struct pglist_data *pgdat, enum node_stat_item item,
  					long delta)
  {
  	mod_node_state(pgdat, item, delta, 0);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(mod_node_page_state);
  
  void inc_node_state(struct pglist_data *pgdat, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	mod_node_state(pgdat, item, 1, 1);
  }
  
  void inc_node_page_state(struct page *page, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	mod_node_state(page_pgdat(page), item, 1, 1);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(inc_node_page_state);
  
  void dec_node_page_state(struct page *page, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	mod_node_state(page_pgdat(page), item, -1, -1);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(dec_node_page_state);

  #else
  /*
   * Use interrupt disable to serialize counter updates
   */
  void mod_zone_page_state(struct zone *zone, enum zone_stat_item item,

  			 long delta)

  {
  	unsigned long flags;
  
  	local_irq_save(flags);
  	__mod_zone_page_state(zone, item, delta);
  	local_irq_restore(flags);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(mod_zone_page_state);

  void inc_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
  {
  	unsigned long flags;
  	struct zone *zone;

  
  	zone = page_zone(page);
  	local_irq_save(flags);

  	__inc_zone_state(zone, item);

  	local_irq_restore(flags);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(inc_zone_page_state);
  
  void dec_zone_page_state(struct page *page, enum zone_stat_item item)
  {
  	unsigned long flags;

  	local_irq_save(flags);

  	__dec_zone_page_state(page, item);

  	local_irq_restore(flags);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(dec_zone_page_state);

  void inc_node_state(struct pglist_data *pgdat, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	unsigned long flags;
  
  	local_irq_save(flags);
  	__inc_node_state(pgdat, item);
  	local_irq_restore(flags);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(inc_node_state);
  
  void mod_node_page_state(struct pglist_data *pgdat, enum node_stat_item item,
  					long delta)
  {
  	unsigned long flags;
  
  	local_irq_save(flags);
  	__mod_node_page_state(pgdat, item, delta);
  	local_irq_restore(flags);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(mod_node_page_state);
  
  void inc_node_page_state(struct page *page, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	unsigned long flags;
  	struct pglist_data *pgdat;
  
  	pgdat = page_pgdat(page);
  	local_irq_save(flags);
  	__inc_node_state(pgdat, item);
  	local_irq_restore(flags);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(inc_node_page_state);
  
  void dec_node_page_state(struct page *page, enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	unsigned long flags;
  
  	local_irq_save(flags);
  	__dec_node_page_state(page, item);
  	local_irq_restore(flags);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(dec_node_page_state);
  #endif

  
  /*
   * Fold a differential into the global counters.
   * Returns the number of counters updated.
   */

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  static int fold_diff(int *zone_diff, int *numa_diff, int *node_diff)
  {
  	int i;
  	int changes = 0;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  		if (zone_diff[i]) {
  			atomic_long_add(zone_diff[i], &vm_zone_stat[i]);
  			changes++;
  	}
  
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  		if (numa_diff[i]) {
  			atomic_long_add(numa_diff[i], &vm_numa_stat[i]);
  			changes++;
  	}
  
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  		if (node_diff[i]) {
  			atomic_long_add(node_diff[i], &vm_node_stat[i]);
  			changes++;
  	}
  	return changes;
  }
  #else

  static int fold_diff(int *zone_diff, int *node_diff)

  {
  	int i;

  	int changes = 0;

  
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)

  		if (zone_diff[i]) {
  			atomic_long_add(zone_diff[i], &vm_zone_stat[i]);
  			changes++;
  	}
  
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  		if (node_diff[i]) {
  			atomic_long_add(node_diff[i], &vm_node_stat[i]);

  			changes++;
  	}
  	return changes;

  }

  #endif /* CONFIG_NUMA */

  /*

   * Update the zone counters for the current cpu.

   *

   * Note that refresh_cpu_vm_stats strives to only access
   * node local memory. The per cpu pagesets on remote zones are placed
   * in the memory local to the processor using that pageset. So the
   * loop over all zones will access a series of cachelines local to
   * the processor.
   *
   * The call to zone_page_state_add updates the cachelines with the
   * statistics in the remote zone struct as well as the global cachelines
   * with the global counters. These could cause remote node cache line
   * bouncing and will have to be only done when necessary.

   *
   * The function returns the number of global counters updated.

   */

  static int refresh_cpu_vm_stats(bool do_pagesets)

  {

  	struct pglist_data *pgdat;

  	struct zone *zone;
  	int i;

  	int global_zone_diff[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS] = { 0, };

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	int global_numa_diff[NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS] = { 0, };
  #endif

  	int global_node_diff[NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS] = { 0, };

  	int changes = 0;

  	for_each_populated_zone(zone) {

  		struct per_cpu_pageset __percpu *p = zone->pageset;

  		for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++) {
  			int v;

  			v = this_cpu_xchg(p->vm_stat_diff[i], 0);
  			if (v) {

  				atomic_long_add(v, &zone->vm_stat[i]);

  				global_zone_diff[i] += v;

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  				/* 3 seconds idle till flush */

  				__this_cpu_write(p->expire, 3);

  #endif

  			}

  		}

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA

  		for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS; i++) {
  			int v;
  
  			v = this_cpu_xchg(p->vm_numa_stat_diff[i], 0);
  			if (v) {
  
  				atomic_long_add(v, &zone->vm_numa_stat[i]);
  				global_numa_diff[i] += v;
  				__this_cpu_write(p->expire, 3);
  			}
  		}

  		if (do_pagesets) {
  			cond_resched();
  			/*
  			 * Deal with draining the remote pageset of this
  			 * processor
  			 *
  			 * Check if there are pages remaining in this pageset
  			 * if not then there is nothing to expire.
  			 */
  			if (!__this_cpu_read(p->expire) ||

  			       !__this_cpu_read(p->pcp.count))

  				continue;

  			/*
  			 * We never drain zones local to this processor.
  			 */
  			if (zone_to_nid(zone) == numa_node_id()) {
  				__this_cpu_write(p->expire, 0);
  				continue;
  			}

  			if (__this_cpu_dec_return(p->expire))
  				continue;

  			if (__this_cpu_read(p->pcp.count)) {
  				drain_zone_pages(zone, this_cpu_ptr(&p->pcp));
  				changes++;
  			}

  		}

  #endif

  	}

  
  	for_each_online_pgdat(pgdat) {
  		struct per_cpu_nodestat __percpu *p = pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats;
  
  		for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS; i++) {
  			int v;
  
  			v = this_cpu_xchg(p->vm_node_stat_diff[i], 0);
  			if (v) {
  				atomic_long_add(v, &pgdat->vm_stat[i]);
  				global_node_diff[i] += v;
  			}
  		}
  	}

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	changes += fold_diff(global_zone_diff, global_numa_diff,
  			     global_node_diff);
  #else

  	changes += fold_diff(global_zone_diff, global_node_diff);

  #endif

  	return changes;

  }

  /*

   * Fold the data for an offline cpu into the global array.
   * There cannot be any access by the offline cpu and therefore
   * synchronization is simplified.
   */
  void cpu_vm_stats_fold(int cpu)
  {

  	struct pglist_data *pgdat;

  	struct zone *zone;
  	int i;

  	int global_zone_diff[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS] = { 0, };

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	int global_numa_diff[NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS] = { 0, };
  #endif

  	int global_node_diff[NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS] = { 0, };

  
  	for_each_populated_zone(zone) {
  		struct per_cpu_pageset *p;
  
  		p = per_cpu_ptr(zone->pageset, cpu);
  
  		for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  			if (p->vm_stat_diff[i]) {
  				int v;
  
  				v = p->vm_stat_diff[i];
  				p->vm_stat_diff[i] = 0;
  				atomic_long_add(v, &zone->vm_stat[i]);

  				global_zone_diff[i] += v;

  			}

  
  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  		for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  			if (p->vm_numa_stat_diff[i]) {
  				int v;
  
  				v = p->vm_numa_stat_diff[i];
  				p->vm_numa_stat_diff[i] = 0;
  				atomic_long_add(v, &zone->vm_numa_stat[i]);
  				global_numa_diff[i] += v;
  			}
  #endif

  	}

  	for_each_online_pgdat(pgdat) {
  		struct per_cpu_nodestat *p;
  
  		p = per_cpu_ptr(pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats, cpu);
  
  		for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  			if (p->vm_node_stat_diff[i]) {
  				int v;
  
  				v = p->vm_node_stat_diff[i];
  				p->vm_node_stat_diff[i] = 0;
  				atomic_long_add(v, &pgdat->vm_stat[i]);
  				global_node_diff[i] += v;
  			}
  	}

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	fold_diff(global_zone_diff, global_numa_diff, global_node_diff);
  #else

  	fold_diff(global_zone_diff, global_node_diff);

  #endif

  }
  
  /*

   * this is only called if !populated_zone(zone), which implies no other users of
   * pset->vm_stat_diff[] exsist.
   */

  void drain_zonestat(struct zone *zone, struct per_cpu_pageset *pset)
  {
  	int i;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  		if (pset->vm_stat_diff[i]) {
  			int v = pset->vm_stat_diff[i];
  			pset->vm_stat_diff[i] = 0;
  			atomic_long_add(v, &zone->vm_stat[i]);

  			atomic_long_add(v, &vm_zone_stat[i]);

  		}

  
  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  		if (pset->vm_numa_stat_diff[i]) {
  			int v = pset->vm_numa_stat_diff[i];
  
  			pset->vm_numa_stat_diff[i] = 0;
  			atomic_long_add(v, &zone->vm_numa_stat[i]);
  			atomic_long_add(v, &vm_numa_stat[i]);
  		}
  #endif

  }

  #endif

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA

  void __inc_numa_state(struct zone *zone,
  				 enum numa_stat_item item)
  {
  	struct per_cpu_pageset __percpu *pcp = zone->pageset;

  	u16 __percpu *p = pcp->vm_numa_stat_diff + item;
  	u16 v;

  
  	v = __this_cpu_inc_return(*p);

  	if (unlikely(v > NUMA_STATS_THRESHOLD)) {
  		zone_numa_state_add(v, zone, item);
  		__this_cpu_write(*p, 0);

  	}
  }

  /*

   * Determine the per node value of a stat item. This function
   * is called frequently in a NUMA machine, so try to be as
   * frugal as possible.

   */

  unsigned long sum_zone_node_page_state(int node,
  				 enum zone_stat_item item)

  {
  	struct zone *zones = NODE_DATA(node)->node_zones;

  	int i;
  	unsigned long count = 0;

  	for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_ZONES; i++)
  		count += zone_page_state(zones + i, item);
  
  	return count;

  }

  /*
   * Determine the per node value of a numa stat item. To avoid deviation,
   * the per cpu stat number in vm_numa_stat_diff[] is also included.
   */

  unsigned long sum_zone_numa_state(int node,
  				 enum numa_stat_item item)
  {
  	struct zone *zones = NODE_DATA(node)->node_zones;
  	int i;
  	unsigned long count = 0;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_ZONES; i++)

  		count += zone_numa_state_snapshot(zones + i, item);

  
  	return count;
  }

  /*
   * Determine the per node value of a stat item.
   */

  unsigned long node_page_state_pages(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
  				    enum node_stat_item item)

  {
  	long x = atomic_long_read(&pgdat->vm_stat[item]);
  #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
  	if (x < 0)
  		x = 0;
  #endif
  	return x;
  }

  
  unsigned long node_page_state(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
  			      enum node_stat_item item)
  {
  	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(vmstat_item_in_bytes(item));
  
  	return node_page_state_pages(pgdat, item);
  }

  #endif

  #ifdef CONFIG_COMPACTION

  struct contig_page_info {
  	unsigned long free_pages;
  	unsigned long free_blocks_total;
  	unsigned long free_blocks_suitable;
  };
  
  /*
   * Calculate the number of free pages in a zone, how many contiguous
   * pages are free and how many are large enough to satisfy an allocation of
   * the target size. Note that this function makes no attempt to estimate
   * how many suitable free blocks there *might* be if MOVABLE pages were
   * migrated. Calculating that is possible, but expensive and can be
   * figured out from userspace
   */
  static void fill_contig_page_info(struct zone *zone,
  				unsigned int suitable_order,
  				struct contig_page_info *info)
  {
  	unsigned int order;
  
  	info->free_pages = 0;
  	info->free_blocks_total = 0;
  	info->free_blocks_suitable = 0;
  
  	for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; order++) {
  		unsigned long blocks;
  
  		/* Count number of free blocks */
  		blocks = zone->free_area[order].nr_free;
  		info->free_blocks_total += blocks;
  
  		/* Count free base pages */
  		info->free_pages += blocks << order;
  
  		/* Count the suitable free blocks */
  		if (order >= suitable_order)
  			info->free_blocks_suitable += blocks <<
  						(order - suitable_order);
  	}
  }

  
  /*
   * A fragmentation index only makes sense if an allocation of a requested
   * size would fail. If that is true, the fragmentation index indicates
   * whether external fragmentation or a lack of memory was the problem.
   * The value can be used to determine if page reclaim or compaction
   * should be used
   */

  static int __fragmentation_index(unsigned int order, struct contig_page_info *info)

  {
  	unsigned long requested = 1UL << order;

  	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(order >= MAX_ORDER))
  		return 0;

  	if (!info->free_blocks_total)
  		return 0;
  
  	/* Fragmentation index only makes sense when a request would fail */
  	if (info->free_blocks_suitable)
  		return -1000;
  
  	/*
  	 * Index is between 0 and 1 so return within 3 decimal places
  	 *
  	 * 0 => allocation would fail due to lack of memory
  	 * 1 => allocation would fail due to fragmentation
  	 */
  	return 1000 - div_u64( (1000+(div_u64(info->free_pages * 1000ULL, requested))), info->free_blocks_total);
  }

  /*
   * Calculates external fragmentation within a zone wrt the given order.
   * It is defined as the percentage of pages found in blocks of size
   * less than 1 << order. It returns values in range [0, 100].
   */

  unsigned int extfrag_for_order(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order)

  {
  	struct contig_page_info info;
  
  	fill_contig_page_info(zone, order, &info);
  	if (info.free_pages == 0)
  		return 0;
  
  	return div_u64((info.free_pages -
  			(info.free_blocks_suitable << order)) * 100,
  			info.free_pages);
  }

  /* Same as __fragmentation index but allocs contig_page_info on stack */
  int fragmentation_index(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order)
  {
  	struct contig_page_info info;
  
  	fill_contig_page_info(zone, order, &info);
  	return __fragmentation_index(order, &info);
  }

  #endif

  #if defined(CONFIG_PROC_FS) || defined(CONFIG_SYSFS) || \
      defined(CONFIG_NUMA) || defined(CONFIG_MEMCG)

  #ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
  #define TEXT_FOR_DMA(xx) xx "_dma",
  #else
  #define TEXT_FOR_DMA(xx)
  #endif
  
  #ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
  #define TEXT_FOR_DMA32(xx) xx "_dma32",
  #else
  #define TEXT_FOR_DMA32(xx)
  #endif
  
  #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
  #define TEXT_FOR_HIGHMEM(xx) xx "_high",
  #else
  #define TEXT_FOR_HIGHMEM(xx)
  #endif
  
  #define TEXTS_FOR_ZONES(xx) TEXT_FOR_DMA(xx) TEXT_FOR_DMA32(xx) xx "_normal", \
  					TEXT_FOR_HIGHMEM(xx) xx "_movable",
  
  const char * const vmstat_text[] = {

  	/* enum zone_stat_item counters */

  	"nr_free_pages",

  	"nr_zone_inactive_anon",
  	"nr_zone_active_anon",
  	"nr_zone_inactive_file",
  	"nr_zone_active_file",
  	"nr_zone_unevictable",

  	"nr_zone_write_pending",

  	"nr_mlock",

  	"nr_page_table_pages",

  	"nr_bounce",

  #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ZSMALLOC)
  	"nr_zspages",
  #endif

  	"nr_free_cma",
  
  	/* enum numa_stat_item counters */

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	"numa_hit",
  	"numa_miss",
  	"numa_foreign",
  	"numa_interleave",
  	"numa_local",
  	"numa_other",
  #endif

  	/* enum node_stat_item counters */

  	"nr_inactive_anon",
  	"nr_active_anon",
  	"nr_inactive_file",
  	"nr_active_file",
  	"nr_unevictable",

  	"nr_slab_reclaimable",
  	"nr_slab_unreclaimable",

  	"nr_isolated_anon",
  	"nr_isolated_file",

  	"workingset_nodes",

  	"workingset_refault_anon",
  	"workingset_refault_file",
  	"workingset_activate_anon",
  	"workingset_activate_file",
  	"workingset_restore_anon",
  	"workingset_restore_file",

  	"workingset_nodereclaim",

  	"nr_anon_pages",
  	"nr_mapped",

  	"nr_file_pages",
  	"nr_dirty",
  	"nr_writeback",
  	"nr_writeback_temp",
  	"nr_shmem",
  	"nr_shmem_hugepages",
  	"nr_shmem_pmdmapped",

  	"nr_file_hugepages",
  	"nr_file_pmdmapped",

  	"nr_anon_transparent_hugepages",

  	"nr_vmscan_write",
  	"nr_vmscan_immediate_reclaim",
  	"nr_dirtied",
  	"nr_written",

  	"nr_kernel_misc_reclaimable",

  	"nr_foll_pin_acquired",
  	"nr_foll_pin_released",

  	"nr_kernel_stack",
  #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SHADOW_CALL_STACK)
  	"nr_shadow_call_stack",
  #endif

  	/* enum writeback_stat_item counters */

  	"nr_dirty_threshold",
  	"nr_dirty_background_threshold",

  #if defined(CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS) || defined(CONFIG_MEMCG)

  	/* enum vm_event_item counters */

  	"pgpgin",
  	"pgpgout",
  	"pswpin",
  	"pswpout",
  
  	TEXTS_FOR_ZONES("pgalloc")

  	TEXTS_FOR_ZONES("allocstall")
  	TEXTS_FOR_ZONES("pgskip")

  
  	"pgfree",
  	"pgactivate",
  	"pgdeactivate",

  	"pglazyfree",

  
  	"pgfault",
  	"pgmajfault",

  	"pglazyfreed",

  	"pgrefill",
  	"pgsteal_kswapd",
  	"pgsteal_direct",
  	"pgscan_kswapd",
  	"pgscan_direct",

  	"pgscan_direct_throttle",

  	"pgscan_anon",
  	"pgscan_file",
  	"pgsteal_anon",
  	"pgsteal_file",

  
  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	"zone_reclaim_failed",
  #endif
  	"pginodesteal",
  	"slabs_scanned",

  	"kswapd_inodesteal",
  	"kswapd_low_wmark_hit_quickly",
  	"kswapd_high_wmark_hit_quickly",

  	"pageoutrun",

  
  	"pgrotated",

  	"drop_pagecache",
  	"drop_slab",

  	"oom_kill",

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
  	"numa_pte_updates",

  	"numa_huge_pte_updates",

  	"numa_hint_faults",
  	"numa_hint_faults_local",
  	"numa_pages_migrated",
  #endif

  #ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
  	"pgmigrate_success",
  	"pgmigrate_fail",

  	"thp_migration_success",
  	"thp_migration_fail",
  	"thp_migration_split",

  #endif

  #ifdef CONFIG_COMPACTION

  	"compact_migrate_scanned",
  	"compact_free_scanned",
  	"compact_isolated",

  	"compact_stall",
  	"compact_fail",
  	"compact_success",

  	"compact_daemon_wake",

  	"compact_daemon_migrate_scanned",
  	"compact_daemon_free_scanned",

  #endif
  
  #ifdef CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE
  	"htlb_buddy_alloc_success",
  	"htlb_buddy_alloc_fail",
  #endif
  	"unevictable_pgs_culled",
  	"unevictable_pgs_scanned",
  	"unevictable_pgs_rescued",
  	"unevictable_pgs_mlocked",
  	"unevictable_pgs_munlocked",
  	"unevictable_pgs_cleared",
  	"unevictable_pgs_stranded",

  
  #ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
  	"thp_fault_alloc",
  	"thp_fault_fallback",

  	"thp_fault_fallback_charge",

  	"thp_collapse_alloc",
  	"thp_collapse_alloc_failed",

  	"thp_file_alloc",

  	"thp_file_fallback",

  	"thp_file_fallback_charge",

  	"thp_file_mapped",

  	"thp_split_page",
  	"thp_split_page_failed",

  	"thp_deferred_split_page",

  	"thp_split_pmd",

  #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_PUD
  	"thp_split_pud",
  #endif

  	"thp_zero_page_alloc",
  	"thp_zero_page_alloc_failed",

  	"thp_swpout",

  	"thp_swpout_fallback",

  #endif

  #ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_BALLOON
  	"balloon_inflate",
  	"balloon_deflate",
  #ifdef CONFIG_BALLOON_COMPACTION
  	"balloon_migrate",
  #endif
  #endif /* CONFIG_MEMORY_BALLOON */

  #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_TLBFLUSH

  	"nr_tlb_remote_flush",
  	"nr_tlb_remote_flush_received",
  	"nr_tlb_local_flush_all",
  	"nr_tlb_local_flush_one",

  #endif /* CONFIG_DEBUG_TLBFLUSH */

  #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM_VMACACHE
  	"vmacache_find_calls",
  	"vmacache_find_hits",
  #endif

  #ifdef CONFIG_SWAP
  	"swap_ra",
  	"swap_ra_hit",
  #endif

  #endif /* CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS || CONFIG_MEMCG */

  };

  #endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS || CONFIG_SYSFS || CONFIG_NUMA || CONFIG_MEMCG */

  #if (defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_FS) && defined(CONFIG_COMPACTION)) || \
       defined(CONFIG_PROC_FS)
  static void *frag_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
  {
  	pg_data_t *pgdat;
  	loff_t node = *pos;
  
  	for (pgdat = first_online_pgdat();
  	     pgdat && node;
  	     pgdat = next_online_pgdat(pgdat))
  		--node;
  
  	return pgdat;
  }
  
  static void *frag_next(struct seq_file *m, void *arg, loff_t *pos)
  {
  	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
  
  	(*pos)++;
  	return next_online_pgdat(pgdat);
  }
  
  static void frag_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  }

  /*
   * Walk zones in a node and print using a callback.
   * If @assert_populated is true, only use callback for zones that are populated.
   */

  static void walk_zones_in_node(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *pgdat,

  		bool assert_populated, bool nolock,

  		void (*print)(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *, struct zone *))
  {
  	struct zone *zone;
  	struct zone *node_zones = pgdat->node_zones;
  	unsigned long flags;
  
  	for (zone = node_zones; zone - node_zones < MAX_NR_ZONES; ++zone) {

  		if (assert_populated && !populated_zone(zone))

  			continue;

  		if (!nolock)
  			spin_lock_irqsave(&zone->lock, flags);

  		print(m, pgdat, zone);

  		if (!nolock)
  			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lock, flags);

  	}
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS

  static void frag_show_print(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *pgdat,
  						struct zone *zone)
  {
  	int order;
  
  	seq_printf(m, "Node %d, zone %8s ", pgdat->node_id, zone->name);
  	for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order)
  		seq_printf(m, "%6lu ", zone->free_area[order].nr_free);
  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');
  }
  
  /*
   * This walks the free areas for each zone.
   */
  static int frag_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;

  	walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, true, false, frag_show_print);

  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void pagetypeinfo_showfree_print(struct seq_file *m,
  					pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
  {
  	int order, mtype;
  
  	for (mtype = 0; mtype < MIGRATE_TYPES; mtype++) {
  		seq_printf(m, "Node %4d, zone %8s, type %12s ",
  					pgdat->node_id,
  					zone->name,
  					migratetype_names[mtype]);
  		for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order) {
  			unsigned long freecount = 0;
  			struct free_area *area;
  			struct list_head *curr;

  			bool overflow = false;

  
  			area = &(zone->free_area[order]);

  			list_for_each(curr, &area->free_list[mtype]) {
  				/*
  				 * Cap the free_list iteration because it might
  				 * be really large and we are under a spinlock
  				 * so a long time spent here could trigger a
  				 * hard lockup detector. Anyway this is a
  				 * debugging tool so knowing there is a handful
  				 * of pages of this order should be more than
  				 * sufficient.
  				 */
  				if (++freecount >= 100000) {
  					overflow = true;
  					break;
  				}
  			}
  			seq_printf(m, "%s%6lu ", overflow ? ">" : "", freecount);
  			spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lock);
  			cond_resched();
  			spin_lock_irq(&zone->lock);

  		}

  		seq_putc(m, '
  ');
  	}

  }
  
  /* Print out the free pages at each order for each migatetype */
  static int pagetypeinfo_showfree(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  	int order;
  	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
  
  	/* Print header */
  	seq_printf(m, "%-43s ", "Free pages count per migrate type at order");
  	for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order)
  		seq_printf(m, "%6d ", order);
  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');

  	walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, true, false, pagetypeinfo_showfree_print);

  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void pagetypeinfo_showblockcount_print(struct seq_file *m,
  					pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
  {
  	int mtype;
  	unsigned long pfn;
  	unsigned long start_pfn = zone->zone_start_pfn;

  	unsigned long end_pfn = zone_end_pfn(zone);

  	unsigned long count[MIGRATE_TYPES] = { 0, };
  
  	for (pfn = start_pfn; pfn < end_pfn; pfn += pageblock_nr_pages) {
  		struct page *page;

  		page = pfn_to_online_page(pfn);
  		if (!page)

  			continue;

  		/* Watch for unexpected holes punched in the memmap */
  		if (!memmap_valid_within(pfn, page, zone))

  			continue;

  		if (page_zone(page) != zone)
  			continue;

  		mtype = get_pageblock_migratetype(page);

  		if (mtype < MIGRATE_TYPES)
  			count[mtype]++;

  	}
  
  	/* Print counts */
  	seq_printf(m, "Node %d, zone %8s ", pgdat->node_id, zone->name);
  	for (mtype = 0; mtype < MIGRATE_TYPES; mtype++)
  		seq_printf(m, "%12lu ", count[mtype]);
  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');
  }

  /* Print out the number of pageblocks for each migratetype */

  static int pagetypeinfo_showblockcount(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  	int mtype;
  	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
  
  	seq_printf(m, "
  %-23s", "Number of blocks type ");
  	for (mtype = 0; mtype < MIGRATE_TYPES; mtype++)
  		seq_printf(m, "%12s ", migratetype_names[mtype]);
  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');

  	walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, true, false,
  		pagetypeinfo_showblockcount_print);

  
  	return 0;
  }

  /*
   * Print out the number of pageblocks for each migratetype that contain pages
   * of other types. This gives an indication of how well fallbacks are being
   * contained by rmqueue_fallback(). It requires information from PAGE_OWNER
   * to determine what is going on
   */
  static void pagetypeinfo_showmixedcount(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *pgdat)
  {
  #ifdef CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER
  	int mtype;

  	if (!static_branch_unlikely(&page_owner_inited))

  		return;
  
  	drain_all_pages(NULL);
  
  	seq_printf(m, "
  %-23s", "Number of mixed blocks ");
  	for (mtype = 0; mtype < MIGRATE_TYPES; mtype++)
  		seq_printf(m, "%12s ", migratetype_names[mtype]);
  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');

  	walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, true, true,
  		pagetypeinfo_showmixedcount_print);

  #endif /* CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER */
  }

  /*
   * This prints out statistics in relation to grouping pages by mobility.
   * It is expensive to collect so do not constantly read the file.
   */
  static int pagetypeinfo_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;

  	/* check memoryless node */

  	if (!node_state(pgdat->node_id, N_MEMORY))

  		return 0;

  	seq_printf(m, "Page block order: %d
  ", pageblock_order);
  	seq_printf(m, "Pages per block:  %lu
  ", pageblock_nr_pages);
  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');
  	pagetypeinfo_showfree(m, pgdat);
  	pagetypeinfo_showblockcount(m, pgdat);

  	pagetypeinfo_showmixedcount(m, pgdat);

  	return 0;
  }

  static const struct seq_operations fragmentation_op = {

  	.start	= frag_start,
  	.next	= frag_next,
  	.stop	= frag_stop,
  	.show	= frag_show,
  };

  static const struct seq_operations pagetypeinfo_op = {

  	.start	= frag_start,
  	.next	= frag_next,
  	.stop	= frag_stop,
  	.show	= pagetypeinfo_show,
  };

  static bool is_zone_first_populated(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
  {
  	int zid;
  
  	for (zid = 0; zid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zid++) {
  		struct zone *compare = &pgdat->node_zones[zid];
  
  		if (populated_zone(compare))
  			return zone == compare;
  	}

  	return false;
  }

  static void zoneinfo_show_print(struct seq_file *m, pg_data_t *pgdat,
  							struct zone *zone)

  {

  	int i;
  	seq_printf(m, "Node %d, zone %8s", pgdat->node_id, zone->name);

  	if (is_zone_first_populated(pgdat, zone)) {
  		seq_printf(m, "
    per-node stats");
  		for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS; i++) {

  			seq_printf(m, "
        %-12s %lu", node_stat_name(i),

  				   node_page_state_pages(pgdat, i));

  		}
  	}

  	seq_printf(m,
  		   "
    pages free     %lu"
  		   "
          min      %lu"
  		   "
          low      %lu"
  		   "
          high     %lu"

  		   "
          spanned  %lu"

  		   "
          present  %lu"
  		   "
          managed  %lu",

  		   zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES),

  		   min_wmark_pages(zone),
  		   low_wmark_pages(zone),
  		   high_wmark_pages(zone),

  		   zone->spanned_pages,

  		   zone->present_pages,

  		   zone_managed_pages(zone));

  	seq_printf(m,

  		   "
          protection: (%ld",

  		   zone->lowmem_reserve[0]);
  	for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_SIZE(zone->lowmem_reserve); i++)

  		seq_printf(m, ", %ld", zone->lowmem_reserve[i]);

  	seq_putc(m, ')');

  	/* If unpopulated, no other information is useful */
  	if (!populated_zone(zone)) {
  		seq_putc(m, '
  ');
  		return;
  	}

  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)

  		seq_printf(m, "
        %-12s %lu", zone_stat_name(i),
  			   zone_page_state(zone, i));

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS; i++)

  		seq_printf(m, "
        %-12s %lu", numa_stat_name(i),
  			   zone_numa_state_snapshot(zone, i));

  #endif

  	seq_printf(m, "
    pagesets");

  	for_each_online_cpu(i) {
  		struct per_cpu_pageset *pageset;

  		pageset = per_cpu_ptr(zone->pageset, i);

  		seq_printf(m,
  			   "
      cpu: %i"
  			   "
                count: %i"
  			   "
                high:  %i"
  			   "
                batch: %i",
  			   i,
  			   pageset->pcp.count,
  			   pageset->pcp.high,
  			   pageset->pcp.batch);

  #ifdef CONFIG_SMP

  		seq_printf(m, "
    vm stats threshold: %d",
  				pageset->stat_threshold);

  #endif

  	}

  	seq_printf(m,

  		   "
    node_unreclaimable:  %u"

  		   "
    start_pfn:           %lu",

  		   pgdat->kswapd_failures >= MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES,

  		   zone->zone_start_pfn);

  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');
  }
  
  /*

   * Output information about zones in @pgdat.  All zones are printed regardless
   * of whether they are populated or not: lowmem_reserve_ratio operates on the
   * set of all zones and userspace would not be aware of such zones if they are
   * suppressed here (zoneinfo displays the effect of lowmem_reserve_ratio).

   */
  static int zoneinfo_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;

  	walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, false, false, zoneinfo_show_print);

  	return 0;
  }

  static const struct seq_operations zoneinfo_op = {

  	.start	= frag_start, /* iterate over all zones. The same as in
  			       * fragmentation. */
  	.next	= frag_next,
  	.stop	= frag_stop,
  	.show	= zoneinfo_show,
  };

  #define NR_VMSTAT_ITEMS (NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS + \
  			 NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS + \
  			 NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS + \
  			 NR_VM_WRITEBACK_STAT_ITEMS + \
  			 (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS) ? \
  			  NR_VM_EVENT_ITEMS : 0))

  static void *vmstat_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
  {

  	unsigned long *v;

  	int i;

  	if (*pos >= NR_VMSTAT_ITEMS)

  		return NULL;

  	BUILD_BUG_ON(ARRAY_SIZE(vmstat_text) < NR_VMSTAT_ITEMS);
  	v = kmalloc_array(NR_VMSTAT_ITEMS, sizeof(unsigned long), GFP_KERNEL);

  	m->private = v;
  	if (!v)

  		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)

  		v[i] = global_zone_page_state(i);

  	v += NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS;

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS; i++)
  		v[i] = global_numa_state(i);
  	v += NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS;
  #endif

  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS; i++)

  		v[i] = global_node_page_state_pages(i);

  	v += NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS;

  	global_dirty_limits(v + NR_DIRTY_BG_THRESHOLD,
  			    v + NR_DIRTY_THRESHOLD);
  	v += NR_VM_WRITEBACK_STAT_ITEMS;

  #ifdef CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS

  	all_vm_events(v);
  	v[PGPGIN] /= 2;		/* sectors -> kbytes */
  	v[PGPGOUT] /= 2;

  #endif

  	return (unsigned long *)m->private + *pos;

  }
  
  static void *vmstat_next(struct seq_file *m, void *arg, loff_t *pos)
  {
  	(*pos)++;

  	if (*pos >= NR_VMSTAT_ITEMS)

  		return NULL;
  	return (unsigned long *)m->private + *pos;
  }
  
  static int vmstat_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  	unsigned long *l = arg;
  	unsigned long off = l - (unsigned long *)m->private;

  
  	seq_puts(m, vmstat_text[off]);

  	seq_put_decimal_ull(m, " ", *l);

  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');

  
  	if (off == NR_VMSTAT_ITEMS - 1) {
  		/*
  		 * We've come to the end - add any deprecated counters to avoid
  		 * breaking userspace which might depend on them being present.
  		 */
  		seq_puts(m, "nr_unstable 0
  ");
  	}

  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void vmstat_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  	kfree(m->private);
  	m->private = NULL;
  }

  static const struct seq_operations vmstat_op = {

  	.start	= vmstat_start,
  	.next	= vmstat_next,
  	.stop	= vmstat_stop,
  	.show	= vmstat_show,
  };

  #endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */

  #ifdef CONFIG_SMP

  static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct delayed_work, vmstat_work);

  int sysctl_stat_interval __read_mostly = HZ;

  #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
  static void refresh_vm_stats(struct work_struct *work)
  {
  	refresh_cpu_vm_stats(true);
  }
  
  int vmstat_refresh(struct ctl_table *table, int write,

  		   void *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)

  {
  	long val;
  	int err;
  	int i;
  
  	/*
  	 * The regular update, every sysctl_stat_interval, may come later
  	 * than expected: leaving a significant amount in per_cpu buckets.
  	 * This is particularly misleading when checking a quantity of HUGE
  	 * pages, immediately after running a test.  /proc/sys/vm/stat_refresh,
  	 * which can equally be echo'ed to or cat'ted from (by root),
  	 * can be used to update the stats just before reading them.
  	 *

  	 * Oh, and since global_zone_page_state() etc. are so careful to hide

  	 * transiently negative values, report an error here if any of
  	 * the stats is negative, so we know to go looking for imbalance.
  	 */
  	err = schedule_on_each_cpu(refresh_vm_stats);
  	if (err)
  		return err;
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS; i++) {

  		val = atomic_long_read(&vm_zone_stat[i]);

  		if (val < 0) {

  			pr_warn("%s: %s %ld
  ",

  				__func__, zone_stat_name(i), val);

  			err = -EINVAL;

  		}
  	}

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	for (i = 0; i < NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS; i++) {
  		val = atomic_long_read(&vm_numa_stat[i]);
  		if (val < 0) {
  			pr_warn("%s: %s %ld
  ",

  				__func__, numa_stat_name(i), val);

  			err = -EINVAL;
  		}
  	}
  #endif

  	if (err)
  		return err;
  	if (write)
  		*ppos += *lenp;
  	else
  		*lenp = 0;
  	return 0;
  }
  #endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */

  static void vmstat_update(struct work_struct *w)
  {

  	if (refresh_cpu_vm_stats(true)) {

  		/*
  		 * Counters were updated so we expect more updates
  		 * to occur in the future. Keep on running the
  		 * update worker thread.
  		 */

  		queue_delayed_work_on(smp_processor_id(), mm_percpu_wq,

  				this_cpu_ptr(&vmstat_work),
  				round_jiffies_relative(sysctl_stat_interval));

  	}
  }
  
  /*

   * Switch off vmstat processing and then fold all the remaining differentials
   * until the diffs stay at zero. The function is used by NOHZ and can only be
   * invoked when tick processing is not active.
   */

  /*

   * Check if the diffs for a certain cpu indicate that
   * an update is needed.
   */
  static bool need_update(int cpu)
  {
  	struct zone *zone;
  
  	for_each_populated_zone(zone) {
  		struct per_cpu_pageset *p = per_cpu_ptr(zone->pageset, cpu);
  
  		BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(p->vm_stat_diff[0]) != 1);

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA

  		BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(p->vm_numa_stat_diff[0]) != 2);

  #endif

  		/*
  		 * The fast way of checking if there are any vmstat diffs.

  		 */

  		if (memchr_inv(p->vm_stat_diff, 0, NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS *
  			       sizeof(p->vm_stat_diff[0])))

  			return true;

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA

  		if (memchr_inv(p->vm_numa_stat_diff, 0, NR_VM_NUMA_STAT_ITEMS *
  			       sizeof(p->vm_numa_stat_diff[0])))

  			return true;
  #endif

  	}
  	return false;
  }

  /*
   * Switch off vmstat processing and then fold all the remaining differentials
   * until the diffs stay at zero. The function is used by NOHZ and can only be
   * invoked when tick processing is not active.
   */

  void quiet_vmstat(void)
  {
  	if (system_state != SYSTEM_RUNNING)
  		return;

  	if (!delayed_work_pending(this_cpu_ptr(&vmstat_work)))

  		return;
  
  	if (!need_update(smp_processor_id()))
  		return;
  
  	/*
  	 * Just refresh counters and do not care about the pending delayed
  	 * vmstat_update. It doesn't fire that often to matter and canceling
  	 * it would be too expensive from this path.
  	 * vmstat_shepherd will take care about that for us.
  	 */
  	refresh_cpu_vm_stats(false);
  }

  /*
   * Shepherd worker thread that checks the
   * differentials of processors that have their worker
   * threads for vm statistics updates disabled because of
   * inactivity.
   */
  static void vmstat_shepherd(struct work_struct *w);

  static DECLARE_DEFERRABLE_WORK(shepherd, vmstat_shepherd);

  
  static void vmstat_shepherd(struct work_struct *w)
  {
  	int cpu;
  
  	get_online_cpus();
  	/* Check processors whose vmstat worker threads have been disabled */

  	for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {

  		struct delayed_work *dw = &per_cpu(vmstat_work, cpu);

  		if (!delayed_work_pending(dw) && need_update(cpu))

  			queue_delayed_work_on(cpu, mm_percpu_wq, dw, 0);

  	}

  	put_online_cpus();
  
  	schedule_delayed_work(&shepherd,

  		round_jiffies_relative(sysctl_stat_interval));

  }

  static void __init start_shepherd_timer(void)

  {

  	int cpu;
  
  	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)

  		INIT_DEFERRABLE_WORK(per_cpu_ptr(&vmstat_work, cpu),

  			vmstat_update);

  	schedule_delayed_work(&shepherd,
  		round_jiffies_relative(sysctl_stat_interval));

  }

  static void __init init_cpu_node_state(void)
  {

  	int node;

  	for_each_online_node(node) {
  		if (cpumask_weight(cpumask_of_node(node)) > 0)
  			node_set_state(node, N_CPU);
  	}

  }

  static int vmstat_cpu_online(unsigned int cpu)
  {
  	refresh_zone_stat_thresholds();
  	node_set_state(cpu_to_node(cpu), N_CPU);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static int vmstat_cpu_down_prep(unsigned int cpu)
  {
  	cancel_delayed_work_sync(&per_cpu(vmstat_work, cpu));
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static int vmstat_cpu_dead(unsigned int cpu)

  {

  	const struct cpumask *node_cpus;

  	int node;

  	node = cpu_to_node(cpu);
  
  	refresh_zone_stat_thresholds();

  	node_cpus = cpumask_of_node(node);
  	if (cpumask_weight(node_cpus) > 0)

  		return 0;

  
  	node_clear_state(node, N_CPU);

  	return 0;

  }

  #endif

  struct workqueue_struct *mm_percpu_wq;

  void __init init_mm_internals(void)

  {

  	int ret __maybe_unused;

  	mm_percpu_wq = alloc_workqueue("mm_percpu_wq", WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, 0);

  
  #ifdef CONFIG_SMP

  	ret = cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(CPUHP_MM_VMSTAT_DEAD, "mm/vmstat:dead",
  					NULL, vmstat_cpu_dead);
  	if (ret < 0)
  		pr_err("vmstat: failed to register 'dead' hotplug state
  ");
  
  	ret = cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN, "mm/vmstat:online",
  					vmstat_cpu_online,
  					vmstat_cpu_down_prep);
  	if (ret < 0)
  		pr_err("vmstat: failed to register 'online' hotplug state
  ");
  
  	get_online_cpus();

  	init_cpu_node_state();

  	put_online_cpus();

  	start_shepherd_timer();

  #endif
  #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS

  	proc_create_seq("buddyinfo", 0444, NULL, &fragmentation_op);

  	proc_create_seq("pagetypeinfo", 0400, NULL, &pagetypeinfo_op);

  	proc_create_seq("vmstat", 0444, NULL, &vmstat_op);
  	proc_create_seq("zoneinfo", 0444, NULL, &zoneinfo_op);

  #endif

  }

  
  #if defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_FS) && defined(CONFIG_COMPACTION)

  
  /*
   * Return an index indicating how much of the available free memory is
   * unusable for an allocation of the requested size.
   */
  static int unusable_free_index(unsigned int order,
  				struct contig_page_info *info)
  {
  	/* No free memory is interpreted as all free memory is unusable */
  	if (info->free_pages == 0)
  		return 1000;
  
  	/*
  	 * Index should be a value between 0 and 1. Return a value to 3
  	 * decimal places.
  	 *
  	 * 0 => no fragmentation
  	 * 1 => high fragmentation
  	 */
  	return div_u64((info->free_pages - (info->free_blocks_suitable << order)) * 1000ULL, info->free_pages);
  
  }
  
  static void unusable_show_print(struct seq_file *m,
  					pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
  {
  	unsigned int order;
  	int index;
  	struct contig_page_info info;
  
  	seq_printf(m, "Node %d, zone %8s ",
  				pgdat->node_id,
  				zone->name);
  	for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order) {
  		fill_contig_page_info(zone, order, &info);
  		index = unusable_free_index(order, &info);
  		seq_printf(m, "%d.%03d ", index / 1000, index % 1000);
  	}
  
  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');
  }
  
  /*
   * Display unusable free space index
   *
   * The unusable free space index measures how much of the available free
   * memory cannot be used to satisfy an allocation of a given size and is a
   * value between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the more of free memory is
   * unusable and by implication, the worse the external fragmentation is. This
   * can be expressed as a percentage by multiplying by 100.
   */
  static int unusable_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
  
  	/* check memoryless node */

  	if (!node_state(pgdat->node_id, N_MEMORY))

  		return 0;

  	walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, true, false, unusable_show_print);

  
  	return 0;
  }

  static const struct seq_operations unusable_sops = {

  	.start	= frag_start,
  	.next	= frag_next,
  	.stop	= frag_stop,
  	.show	= unusable_show,
  };

  DEFINE_SEQ_ATTRIBUTE(unusable);

  static void extfrag_show_print(struct seq_file *m,
  					pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
  {
  	unsigned int order;
  	int index;
  
  	/* Alloc on stack as interrupts are disabled for zone walk */
  	struct contig_page_info info;
  
  	seq_printf(m, "Node %d, zone %8s ",
  				pgdat->node_id,
  				zone->name);
  	for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order) {
  		fill_contig_page_info(zone, order, &info);

  		index = __fragmentation_index(order, &info);

  		seq_printf(m, "%d.%03d ", index / 1000, index % 1000);
  	}
  
  	seq_putc(m, '
  ');
  }
  
  /*
   * Display fragmentation index for orders that allocations would fail for
   */
  static int extfrag_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
  {
  	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;

  	walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, true, false, extfrag_show_print);

  
  	return 0;
  }

  static const struct seq_operations extfrag_sops = {

  	.start	= frag_start,
  	.next	= frag_next,
  	.stop	= frag_stop,
  	.show	= extfrag_show,
  };

  DEFINE_SEQ_ATTRIBUTE(extfrag);

  static int __init extfrag_debug_init(void)
  {

  	struct dentry *extfrag_debug_root;

  	extfrag_debug_root = debugfs_create_dir("extfrag", NULL);

  	debugfs_create_file("unusable_index", 0444, extfrag_debug_root, NULL,

  			    &unusable_fops);

  	debugfs_create_file("extfrag_index", 0444, extfrag_debug_root, NULL,

  			    &extfrag_fops);

  	return 0;
  }
  
  module_init(extfrag_debug_init);
  #endif