kernel-doc nano-HOWTO
  =====================

  How to format kernel-doc comments
  ---------------------------------
  
  In order to provide embedded, 'C' friendly, easy to maintain,
  but consistent and extractable documentation of the functions and
  data structures in the Linux kernel, the Linux kernel has adopted
  a consistent style for documenting functions and their parameters,
  and structures and their members.
  
  The format for this documentation is called the kernel-doc format.
  It is documented in this Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt file.
  
  This style embeds the documentation within the source files, using
  a few simple conventions.  The scripts/kernel-doc perl script, some
  SGML templates in Documentation/DocBook, and other tools understand
  these conventions, and are used to extract this embedded documentation
  into various documents.
  
  In order to provide good documentation of kernel functions and data
  structures, please use the following conventions to format your
  kernel-doc comments in Linux kernel source.
  
  We definitely need kernel-doc formatted documentation for functions
  that are exported to loadable modules using EXPORT_SYMBOL.
  
  We also look to provide kernel-doc formatted documentation for
  functions externally visible to other kernel files (not marked
  "static").
  
  We also recommend providing kernel-doc formatted documentation
  for private (file "static") routines, for consistency of kernel
  source code layout.  But this is lower priority and at the
  discretion of the MAINTAINER of that kernel source file.
  
  Data structures visible in kernel include files should also be
  documented using kernel-doc formatted comments.
  
  The opening comment mark "/**" is reserved for kernel-doc comments.
  Only comments so marked will be considered by the kernel-doc scripts,
  and any comment so marked must be in kernel-doc format.  Do not use
  "/**" to be begin a comment block unless the comment block contains
  kernel-doc formatted comments.  The closing comment marker for
  kernel-doc comments can be either "*/" or "**/".
  
  Kernel-doc comments should be placed just before the function
  or data structure being described.
  
  Example kernel-doc function comment:
  
  /**
   * foobar() - short function description of foobar
   * @arg1:	Describe the first argument to foobar.
   * @arg2:	Describe the second argument to foobar.
   *		One can provide multiple line descriptions
   *		for arguments.
   *
   * A longer description, with more discussion of the function foobar()
   * that might be useful to those using or modifying it.  Begins with
   * empty comment line, and may include additional embedded empty
   * comment lines.
   *
   * The longer description can have multiple paragraphs.
   **/
  
  The first line, with the short description, must be on a single line.
  
  The @argument descriptions must begin on the very next line following
  this opening short function description line, with no intervening
  empty comment lines.
  
  Example kernel-doc data structure comment.
  
  /**
   * struct blah - the basic blah structure
   * @mem1:	describe the first member of struct blah
   * @mem2:	describe the second member of struct blah,
   *		perhaps with more lines and words.
   *
   * Longer description of this structure.
   **/
  
  The kernel-doc function comments describe each parameter to the
  function, in order, with the @name lines.
  
  The kernel-doc data structure comments describe each structure member
  in the data structure, with the @name lines.
  
  The longer description formatting is "reflowed", losing your line
  breaks.  So presenting carefully formatted lists within these
  descriptions won't work so well; derived documentation will lose
  the formatting.
  
  See the section below "How to add extractable documentation to your
  source files" for more details and notes on how to format kernel-doc
  comments.
  
  Components of the kernel-doc system
  -----------------------------------

  Many places in the source tree have extractable documentation in the
  form of block comments above functions.  The components of this system
  are:
  
  - scripts/kernel-doc
  
    This is a perl script that hunts for the block comments and can mark
    them up directly into DocBook, man, text, and HTML. (No, not
    texinfo.)
  
  - Documentation/DocBook/*.tmpl
  
    These are SGML template files, which are normal SGML files with
    special place-holders for where the extracted documentation should
    go.

  - scripts/basic/docproc.c

  
    This is a program for converting SGML template files into SGML
    files. When a file is referenced it is searched for symbols
    exported (EXPORT_SYMBOL), to be able to distinguish between internal
    and external functions.
    It invokes kernel-doc, giving it the list of functions that
    are to be documented.
    Additionally it is used to scan the SGML template files to locate
    all the files referenced herein. This is used to generate dependency
    information as used by make.
  
  - Makefile
  
    The targets 'sgmldocs', 'psdocs', 'pdfdocs', and 'htmldocs' are used
    to build DocBook files, PostScript files, PDF files, and html files
    in Documentation/DocBook.
  
  - Documentation/DocBook/Makefile
  
    This is where C files are associated with SGML templates.
  
  
  How to extract the documentation
  --------------------------------
  
  If you just want to read the ready-made books on the various
  subsystems (see Documentation/DocBook/*.tmpl), just type 'make

  psdocs', or 'make pdfdocs', or 'make htmldocs', depending on your
  preference.  If you would rather read a different format, you can type
  'make sgmldocs' and then use DocBook tools to convert
  Documentation/DocBook/*.sgml to a format of your choice (for example,

  'db2html ...' if 'make htmldocs' was not defined).
  
  If you want to see man pages instead, you can do this:
  
  $ cd linux
  $ scripts/kernel-doc -man $(find -name '*.c') | split-man.pl /tmp/man
  $ scripts/kernel-doc -man $(find -name '*.h') | split-man.pl /tmp/man
  
  Here is split-man.pl:
  
  -->
  #!/usr/bin/perl
  
  if ($#ARGV < 0) {
     die "where do I put the results?
  ";
  }
  
  mkdir $ARGV[0],0777;
  $state = 0;
  while (<STDIN>) {
      if (/^\.TH \"[^\"]*\" 4 \"([^\"]*)\"/) {
  	if ($state == 1) { close OUT }
  	$state = 1;
  	$fn = "$ARGV[0]/$1.4";
  	print STDERR "Creating $fn
  ";
  	open OUT, ">$fn" or die "can't open $fn: $!
  ";
  	print OUT $_;
      } elsif ($state != 0) {
  	print OUT $_;
      }
  }
  
  close OUT;
  <--
  
  If you just want to view the documentation for one function in one
  file, you can do this:
  
  $ scripts/kernel-doc -man -function fn file | nroff -man | less
  
  or this:
  
  $ scripts/kernel-doc -text -function fn file
  
  
  How to add extractable documentation to your source files
  ---------------------------------------------------------
  
  The format of the block comment is like this:
  
  /**
   * function_name(:)? (- short description)?

  (* @parameterx(space)*: (description of parameter x)?)*

  (* a blank line)?
   * (Description:)? (Description of function)?
   * (section header: (section description)? )*
  (*)?*/

  The short function description ***cannot be multiline***, but the other
  descriptions can be (and they can contain blank lines).  If you continue
  that initial short description onto a second line, that second line will
  appear further down at the beginning of the description section, which is
  almost certainly not what you had in mind.
  
  Avoid putting a spurious blank line after the function name, or else the
  description will be repeated!

  
  All descriptive text is further processed, scanning for the following special
  patterns, which are highlighted appropriately.
  
  'funcname()' - function
  '$ENVVAR' - environment variable
  '&struct_name' - name of a structure (up to two words including 'struct')
  '@parameter' - name of a parameter
  '%CONST' - name of a constant.

  NOTE 1:  The multi-line descriptive text you provide does *not* recognize
  line breaks, so if you try to format some text nicely, as in:
  
    Return codes
      0 - cool
      1 - invalid arg
      2 - out of memory
  
  this will all run together and produce:
  
    Return codes 0 - cool 1 - invalid arg 2 - out of memory
  
  NOTE 2:  If the descriptive text you provide has lines that begin with
  some phrase followed by a colon, each of those phrases will be taken as
  a new section heading, which means you should similarly try to avoid text
  like:
  
    Return codes:
      0: cool
      1: invalid arg
      2: out of memory
  
  every line of which would start a new section.  Again, probably not
  what you were after.

  Take a look around the source tree for examples.

  kernel-doc for structs, unions, enums, and typedefs
  ---------------------------------------------------
  
  Beside functions you can also write documentation for structs, unions,
  enums and typedefs. Instead of the function name you must write the name
  of the declaration;  the struct/union/enum/typedef must always precede
  the name. Nesting of declarations is not supported.
  Use the argument mechanism to document members or constants.
  
  Inside a struct description, you can use the "private:" and "public:"
  comment tags.  Structure fields that are inside a "private:" area
  are not listed in the generated output documentation.
  
  Example:
  
  /**
   * struct my_struct - short description
   * @a: first member
   * @b: second member
   *
   * Longer description
   */
  struct my_struct {
      int a;
      int b;
  /* private: */
      int c;
  };

  How to make new SGML template files
  -----------------------------------
  
  SGML template files (*.tmpl) are like normal SGML files, except that
  they can contain escape sequences where extracted documentation should
  be inserted.
  
  !E<filename> is replaced by the documentation, in <filename>, for
  functions that are exported using EXPORT_SYMBOL: the function list is
  collected from files listed in Documentation/DocBook/Makefile.
  
  !I<filename> is replaced by the documentation for functions that are
  _not_ exported using EXPORT_SYMBOL.
  
  !D<filename> is used to name additional files to search for functions
  exported using EXPORT_SYMBOL.
  
  !F<filename> <function [functions...]> is replaced by the
  documentation, in <filename>, for the functions listed.
  
  
  Tim.
  */ <twaugh@redhat.com>