Per-task statistics interface
  -----------------------------
  
  
  Taskstats is a netlink-based interface for sending per-task and
  per-process statistics from the kernel to userspace.
  
  Taskstats was designed for the following benefits:
  
  - efficiently provide statistics during lifetime of a task and on its exit
  - unified interface for multiple accounting subsystems
  - extensibility for use by future accounting patches
  
  Terminology
  -----------
  
  "pid", "tid" and "task" are used interchangeably and refer to the standard
  Linux task defined by struct task_struct.  per-pid stats are the same as
  per-task stats.
  
  "tgid", "process" and "thread group" are used interchangeably and refer to the
  tasks that share an mm_struct i.e. the traditional Unix process. Despite the
  use of tgid, there is no special treatment for the task that is thread group
  leader - a process is deemed alive as long as it has any task belonging to it.
  
  Usage
  -----

  To get statistics during a task's lifetime, userspace opens a unicast netlink

  socket (NETLINK_GENERIC family) and sends commands specifying a pid or a tgid.
  The response contains statistics for a task (if pid is specified) or the sum of
  statistics for all tasks of the process (if tgid is specified).

  To obtain statistics for tasks which are exiting, the userspace listener
  sends a register command and specifies a cpumask. Whenever a task exits on
  one of the cpus in the cpumask, its per-pid statistics are sent to the
  registered listener. Using cpumasks allows the data received by one listener
  to be limited and assists in flow control over the netlink interface and is
  explained in more detail below.
  
  If the exiting task is the last thread exiting its thread group,
  an additional record containing the per-tgid stats is also sent to userspace.
  The latter contains the sum of per-pid stats for all threads in the thread
  group, both past and present.

  getdelays.c is a simple utility demonstrating usage of the taskstats interface

  for reporting delay accounting statistics. Users can register cpumasks,
  send commands and process responses, listen for per-tid/tgid exit data,
  write the data received to a file and do basic flow control by increasing
  receive buffer sizes.

  
  Interface
  ---------
  
  The user-kernel interface is encapsulated in include/linux/taskstats.h
  
  To avoid this documentation becoming obsolete as the interface evolves, only
  an outline of the current version is given. taskstats.h always overrides the
  description here.
  
  struct taskstats is the common accounting structure for both per-pid and
  per-tgid data. It is versioned and can be extended by each accounting subsystem
  that is added to the kernel. The fields and their semantics are defined in the
  taskstats.h file.
  
  The data exchanged between user and kernel space is a netlink message belonging
  to the NETLINK_GENERIC family and using the netlink attributes interface.
  The messages are in the format
  
      +----------+- - -+-------------+-------------------+
      | nlmsghdr | Pad |  genlmsghdr | taskstats payload |
      +----------+- - -+-------------+-------------------+
  
  
  The taskstats payload is one of the following three kinds:

  1. Commands: Sent from user to kernel. Commands to get data on
  a pid/tgid consist of one attribute, of type TASKSTATS_CMD_ATTR_PID/TGID,
  containing a u32 pid or tgid in the attribute payload. The pid/tgid denotes
  the task/process for which userspace wants statistics.
  
  Commands to register/deregister interest in exit data from a set of cpus
  consist of one attribute, of type
  TASKSTATS_CMD_ATTR_REGISTER/DEREGISTER_CPUMASK and contain a cpumask in the
  attribute payload. The cpumask is specified as an ascii string of
  comma-separated cpu ranges e.g. to listen to exit data from cpus 1,2,3,5,7,8
  the cpumask would be "1-3,5,7-8". If userspace forgets to deregister interest
  in cpus before closing the listening socket, the kernel cleans up its interest
  set over time. However, for the sake of efficiency, an explicit deregistration
  is advisable.

  
  2. Response for a command: sent from the kernel in response to a userspace
  command. The payload is a series of three attributes of type:
  
  a) TASKSTATS_TYPE_AGGR_PID/TGID : attribute containing no payload but indicates
  a pid/tgid will be followed by some stats.
  
  b) TASKSTATS_TYPE_PID/TGID: attribute whose payload is the pid/tgid whose stats

  are being returned.

  c) TASKSTATS_TYPE_STATS: attribute with a struct taskstats as payload. The

  same structure is used for both per-pid and per-tgid stats.
  
  3. New message sent by kernel whenever a task exits. The payload consists of a
     series of attributes of the following type:
  
  a) TASKSTATS_TYPE_AGGR_PID: indicates next two attributes will be pid+stats
  b) TASKSTATS_TYPE_PID: contains exiting task's pid
  c) TASKSTATS_TYPE_STATS: contains the exiting task's per-pid stats
  d) TASKSTATS_TYPE_AGGR_TGID: indicates next two attributes will be tgid+stats
  e) TASKSTATS_TYPE_TGID: contains tgid of process to which task belongs
  f) TASKSTATS_TYPE_STATS: contains the per-tgid stats for exiting task's process
  
  
  per-tgid stats
  --------------
  
  Taskstats provides per-process stats, in addition to per-task stats, since
  resource management is often done at a process granularity and aggregating task
  stats in userspace alone is inefficient and potentially inaccurate (due to lack
  of atomicity).
  
  However, maintaining per-process, in addition to per-task stats, within the

  kernel has space and time overheads. To address this, the taskstats code

  accumulates each exiting task's statistics into a process-wide data structure.
  When the last task of a process exits, the process level data accumulated also

  gets sent to userspace (along with the per-task data).
  
  When a user queries to get per-tgid data, the sum of all other live threads in

  the group is added up and added to the accumulated total for previously exited

  threads of the same thread group.

  
  Extending taskstats
  -------------------
  
  There are two ways to extend the taskstats interface to export more
  per-task/process stats as patches to collect them get added to the kernel
  in future:
  
  1. Adding more fields to the end of the existing struct taskstats. Backward
     compatibility is ensured by the version number within the
     structure. Userspace will use only the fields of the struct that correspond
     to the version its using.
  
  2. Defining separate statistic structs and using the netlink attributes
     interface to return them. Since userspace processes each netlink attribute
     independently, it can always ignore attributes whose type it does not
     understand (because it is using an older version of the interface).
  
  
  Choosing between 1. and 2. is a matter of trading off flexibility and
  overhead. If only a few fields need to be added, then 1. is the preferable
  path since the kernel and userspace don't need to incur the overhead of
  processing new netlink attributes. But if the new fields expand the existing
  struct too much, requiring disparate userspace accounting utilities to
  unnecessarily receive large structures whose fields are of no interest, then
  extending the attributes structure would be worthwhile.

  Flow control for taskstats
  --------------------------
  
  When the rate of task exits becomes large, a listener may not be able to keep
  up with the kernel's rate of sending per-tid/tgid exit data leading to data
  loss. This possibility gets compounded when the taskstats structure gets
  extended and the number of cpus grows large.
  
  To avoid losing statistics, userspace should do one or more of the following:
  
  - increase the receive buffer sizes for the netlink sockets opened by
  listeners to receive exit data.
  
  - create more listeners and reduce the number of cpus being listened to by
  each listener. In the extreme case, there could be one listener for each cpu.
  Users may also consider setting the cpu affinity of the listener to the subset
  of cpus to which it listens, especially if they are listening to just one cpu.
  
  Despite these measures, if the userspace receives ENOBUFS error messages
  indicated overflow of receive buffers, it should take measures to handle the
  loss of data.

  ----