==============================================
  Ordering I/O writes to memory-mapped addresses
  ==============================================

  On some platforms, so-called memory-mapped I/O is weakly ordered.  On such
  platforms, driver writers are responsible for ensuring that I/O writes to
  memory-mapped addresses on their device arrive in the order intended.  This is
  typically done by reading a 'safe' device or bridge register, causing the I/O
  chipset to flush pending writes to the device before any reads are posted.  A
  driver would usually use this technique immediately prior to the exit of a
  critical section of code protected by spinlocks.  This would ensure that
  subsequent writes to I/O space arrived only after all prior writes (much like a
  memory barrier op, mb(), only with respect to I/O).

  A more concrete example from a hypothetical device driver::

  		...
  	CPU A:  spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
  	CPU A:  val = readl(my_status);
  	CPU A:  ...
  	CPU A:  writel(newval, ring_ptr);
  	CPU A:  spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
  		...
  	CPU B:  spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
  	CPU B:  val = readl(my_status);
  	CPU B:  ...
  	CPU B:  writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
  	CPU B:  spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
  		...

  
  In the case above, the device may receive newval2 before it receives newval,

  which could cause problems.  Fixing it is easy enough though::

  		...
  	CPU A:  spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
  	CPU A:  val = readl(my_status);
  	CPU A:  ...
  	CPU A:  writel(newval, ring_ptr);
  	CPU A:  (void)readl(safe_register); /* maybe a config register? */
  	CPU A:  spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)
  		...
  	CPU B:  spin_lock_irqsave(&dev_lock, flags)
  	CPU B:  val = readl(my_status);
  	CPU B:  ...
  	CPU B:  writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
  	CPU B:  (void)readl(safe_register); /* maybe a config register? */
  	CPU B:  spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev_lock, flags)

  
  Here, the reads from safe_register will cause the I/O chipset to flush any
  pending writes before actually posting the read to the chipset, preventing
  possible data corruption.