diff --git a/include/net/netfilter/nf_tables.h b/include/net/netfilter/nf_tables.h
index ed0687b..3e9ab64 100644
--- a/include/net/netfilter/nf_tables.h
+++ b/include/net/netfilter/nf_tables.h
@@ -382,6 +382,7 @@ void nft_unregister_set(struct nft_set_type *type);
  * 	@dtype: data type (verdict or numeric type defined by userspace)
  * 	@objtype: object type (see NFT_OBJECT_* definitions)
  * 	@size: maximum set size
+ *	@use: number of rules references to this set
  * 	@nelems: number of elements
  * 	@ndeact: number of deactivated elements queued for removal
  *	@timeout: default timeout value in jiffies
@@ -407,6 +408,7 @@ struct nft_set {
 	u32				dtype;
 	u32				objtype;
 	u32				size;
+	u32				use;
 	atomic_t			nelems;
 	u32				ndeact;
 	u64				timeout;
@@ -467,6 +469,10 @@ struct nft_set_binding {
 	u32				flags;
 };
 
+enum nft_trans_phase;
+void nf_tables_deactivate_set(const struct nft_ctx *ctx, struct nft_set *set,
+			      struct nft_set_binding *binding,
+			      enum nft_trans_phase phase);
 int nf_tables_bind_set(const struct nft_ctx *ctx, struct nft_set *set,
 		       struct nft_set_binding *binding);
 void nf_tables_unbind_set(const struct nft_ctx *ctx, struct nft_set *set,
diff --git a/net/netfilter/nf_tables_api.c b/net/netfilter/nf_tables_api.c
index 1333bf9..ca09ef0 100644
--- a/net/netfilter/nf_tables_api.c
+++ b/net/netfilter/nf_tables_api.c
@@ -3672,6 +3672,9 @@ err1:
 
 static void nft_set_destroy(struct nft_set *set)
 {
+	if (WARN_ON(set->use > 0))
+		return;
+
 	set->ops->destroy(set);
 	module_put(to_set_type(set->ops)->owner);
 	kfree(set->name);
@@ -3712,7 +3715,7 @@ static int nf_tables_delset(struct net *net, struct sock *nlsk,
 		NL_SET_BAD_ATTR(extack, attr);
 		return PTR_ERR(set);
 	}
-	if (!list_empty(&set->bindings) ||
+	if (set->use ||
 	    (nlh->nlmsg_flags & NLM_F_NONREC && atomic_read(&set->nelems) > 0)) {
 		NL_SET_BAD_ATTR(extack, attr);
 		return -EBUSY;
@@ -3742,6 +3745,9 @@ int nf_tables_bind_set(const struct nft_ctx *ctx, struct nft_set *set,
 	struct nft_set_binding *i;
 	struct nft_set_iter iter;
 
+	if (set->use == UINT_MAX)
+		return -EOVERFLOW;
+
 	if (!list_empty(&set->bindings) && nft_set_is_anonymous(set))
 		return -EBUSY;
 
@@ -3769,6 +3775,7 @@ bind:
 	binding->chain = ctx->chain;
 	list_add_tail_rcu(&binding->list, &set->bindings);
 	nft_set_trans_bind(ctx, set);
+	set->use++;
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -3788,6 +3795,25 @@ void nf_tables_unbind_set(const struct nft_ctx *ctx, struct nft_set *set,
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(nf_tables_unbind_set);
 
+void nf_tables_deactivate_set(const struct nft_ctx *ctx, struct nft_set *set,
+			      struct nft_set_binding *binding,
+			      enum nft_trans_phase phase)
+{
+	switch (phase) {
+	case NFT_TRANS_PREPARE:
+		set->use--;
+		return;
+	case NFT_TRANS_ABORT:
+	case NFT_TRANS_RELEASE:
+		set->use--;
+		/* fall through */
+	default:
+		nf_tables_unbind_set(ctx, set, binding,
+				     phase == NFT_TRANS_COMMIT);
+	}
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(nf_tables_deactivate_set);
+
 void nf_tables_destroy_set(const struct nft_ctx *ctx, struct nft_set *set)
 {
 	if (list_empty(&set->bindings) && nft_set_is_anonymous(set))
diff --git a/net/netfilter/nft_dynset.c b/net/netfilter/nft_dynset.c
index a8a74a1..e461007 100644
--- a/net/netfilter/nft_dynset.c
+++ b/net/netfilter/nft_dynset.c
@@ -240,11 +240,15 @@ static void nft_dynset_deactivate(const struct nft_ctx *ctx,
 {
 	struct nft_dynset *priv = nft_expr_priv(expr);
 
-	if (phase == NFT_TRANS_PREPARE)
-		return;
+	nf_tables_deactivate_set(ctx, priv->set, &priv->binding, phase);
+}
+
+static void nft_dynset_activate(const struct nft_ctx *ctx,
+				const struct nft_expr *expr)
+{
+	struct nft_dynset *priv = nft_expr_priv(expr);
 
-	nf_tables_unbind_set(ctx, priv->set, &priv->binding,
-			     phase == NFT_TRANS_COMMIT);
+	priv->set->use++;
 }
 
 static void nft_dynset_destroy(const struct nft_ctx *ctx,
@@ -292,6 +296,7 @@ static const struct nft_expr_ops nft_dynset_ops = {
 	.eval		= nft_dynset_eval,
 	.init		= nft_dynset_init,
 	.destroy	= nft_dynset_destroy,
+	.activate	= nft_dynset_activate,
 	.deactivate	= nft_dynset_deactivate,
 	.dump		= nft_dynset_dump,
 };
diff --git a/net/netfilter/nft_lookup.c b/net/netfilter/nft_lookup.c
index 14496da..161c345 100644
--- a/net/netfilter/nft_lookup.c
+++ b/net/netfilter/nft_lookup.c
@@ -127,11 +127,15 @@ static void nft_lookup_deactivate(const struct nft_ctx *ctx,
 {
 	struct nft_lookup *priv = nft_expr_priv(expr);
 
-	if (phase == NFT_TRANS_PREPARE)
-		return;
+	nf_tables_deactivate_set(ctx, priv->set, &priv->binding, phase);
+}
+
+static void nft_lookup_activate(const struct nft_ctx *ctx,
+				const struct nft_expr *expr)
+{
+	struct nft_lookup *priv = nft_expr_priv(expr);
 
-	nf_tables_unbind_set(ctx, priv->set, &priv->binding,
-			     phase == NFT_TRANS_COMMIT);
+	priv->set->use++;
 }
 
 static void nft_lookup_destroy(const struct nft_ctx *ctx,
@@ -222,6 +226,7 @@ static const struct nft_expr_ops nft_lookup_ops = {
 	.size		= NFT_EXPR_SIZE(sizeof(struct nft_lookup)),
 	.eval		= nft_lookup_eval,
 	.init		= nft_lookup_init,
+	.activate	= nft_lookup_activate,
 	.deactivate	= nft_lookup_deactivate,
 	.destroy	= nft_lookup_destroy,
 	.dump		= nft_lookup_dump,
diff --git a/net/netfilter/nft_objref.c b/net/netfilter/nft_objref.c
index 79ef074..457a9ce 100644
--- a/net/netfilter/nft_objref.c
+++ b/net/netfilter/nft_objref.c
@@ -162,11 +162,15 @@ static void nft_objref_map_deactivate(const struct nft_ctx *ctx,
 {
 	struct nft_objref_map *priv = nft_expr_priv(expr);
 
-	if (phase == NFT_TRANS_PREPARE)
-		return;
+	nf_tables_deactivate_set(ctx, priv->set, &priv->binding, phase);
+}
+
+static void nft_objref_map_activate(const struct nft_ctx *ctx,
+				    const struct nft_expr *expr)
+{
+	struct nft_objref_map *priv = nft_expr_priv(expr);
 
-	nf_tables_unbind_set(ctx, priv->set, &priv->binding,
-			     phase == NFT_TRANS_COMMIT);
+	priv->set->use++;
 }
 
 static void nft_objref_map_destroy(const struct nft_ctx *ctx,
@@ -183,6 +187,7 @@ static const struct nft_expr_ops nft_objref_map_ops = {
 	.size		= NFT_EXPR_SIZE(sizeof(struct nft_objref_map)),
 	.eval		= nft_objref_map_eval,
 	.init		= nft_objref_map_init,
+	.activate	= nft_objref_map_activate,
 	.deactivate	= nft_objref_map_deactivate,
 	.destroy	= nft_objref_map_destroy,
 	.dump		= nft_objref_map_dump,