/* ---------- To make a malloc.h, start cutting here ------------ */
  
  /*
    A version of malloc/free/realloc written by Doug Lea and released to the
    public domain.  Send questions/comments/complaints/performance data
    to dl@cs.oswego.edu
  
  * VERSION 2.6.6  Sun Mar  5 19:10:03 2000  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
  
     Note: There may be an updated version of this malloc obtainable at

  	   ftp://g.oswego.edu/pub/misc/malloc.c
  	 Check before installing!

  
  * Why use this malloc?
  
    This is not the fastest, most space-conserving, most portable, or
    most tunable malloc ever written. However it is among the fastest
    while also being among the most space-conserving, portable and tunable.
    Consistent balance across these factors results in a good general-purpose
    allocator. For a high-level description, see
       http://g.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html
  
  * Synopsis of public routines
  
    (Much fuller descriptions are contained in the program documentation below.)
  
    malloc(size_t n);
       Return a pointer to a newly allocated chunk of at least n bytes, or null
       if no space is available.
    free(Void_t* p);
       Release the chunk of memory pointed to by p, or no effect if p is null.
    realloc(Void_t* p, size_t n);
       Return a pointer to a chunk of size n that contains the same data
       as does chunk p up to the minimum of (n, p's size) bytes, or null
       if no space is available. The returned pointer may or may not be
       the same as p. If p is null, equivalent to malloc.  Unless the
       #define REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES below is set, realloc with a
       size argument of zero (re)allocates a minimum-sized chunk.
    memalign(size_t alignment, size_t n);
       Return a pointer to a newly allocated chunk of n bytes, aligned
       in accord with the alignment argument, which must be a power of
       two.
    valloc(size_t n);
       Equivalent to memalign(pagesize, n), where pagesize is the page
       size of the system (or as near to this as can be figured out from
       all the includes/defines below.)
    pvalloc(size_t n);
       Equivalent to valloc(minimum-page-that-holds(n)), that is,
       round up n to nearest pagesize.
    calloc(size_t unit, size_t quantity);
       Returns a pointer to quantity * unit bytes, with all locations
       set to zero.
    cfree(Void_t* p);
       Equivalent to free(p).
    malloc_trim(size_t pad);
       Release all but pad bytes of freed top-most memory back
       to the system. Return 1 if successful, else 0.
    malloc_usable_size(Void_t* p);
       Report the number usable allocated bytes associated with allocated
       chunk p. This may or may not report more bytes than were requested,
       due to alignment and minimum size constraints.
    malloc_stats();
       Prints brief summary statistics on stderr.
    mallinfo()
       Returns (by copy) a struct containing various summary statistics.
    mallopt(int parameter_number, int parameter_value)
       Changes one of the tunable parameters described below. Returns
       1 if successful in changing the parameter, else 0.
  
  * Vital statistics:
  
    Alignment:                            8-byte
         8 byte alignment is currently hardwired into the design.  This
         seems to suffice for all current machines and C compilers.
  
    Assumed pointer representation:       4 or 8 bytes
         Code for 8-byte pointers is untested by me but has worked
         reliably by Wolfram Gloger, who contributed most of the
         changes supporting this.
  
    Assumed size_t  representation:       4 or 8 bytes
         Note that size_t is allowed to be 4 bytes even if pointers are 8.
  
    Minimum overhead per allocated chunk: 4 or 8 bytes
         Each malloced chunk has a hidden overhead of 4 bytes holding size
         and status information.
  
    Minimum allocated size: 4-byte ptrs:  16 bytes    (including 4 overhead)

  			  8-byte ptrs:  24/32 bytes (including, 4/8 overhead)

  
         When a chunk is freed, 12 (for 4byte ptrs) or 20 (for 8 byte
         ptrs but 4 byte size) or 24 (for 8/8) additional bytes are
         needed; 4 (8) for a trailing size field
         and 8 (16) bytes for free list pointers. Thus, the minimum
         allocatable size is 16/24/32 bytes.
  
         Even a request for zero bytes (i.e., malloc(0)) returns a
         pointer to something of the minimum allocatable size.
  
    Maximum allocated size: 4-byte size_t: 2^31 -  8 bytes

  			  8-byte size_t: 2^63 - 16 bytes

  
         It is assumed that (possibly signed) size_t bit values suffice to
         represent chunk sizes. `Possibly signed' is due to the fact
         that `size_t' may be defined on a system as either a signed or
         an unsigned type. To be conservative, values that would appear
         as negative numbers are avoided.
         Requests for sizes with a negative sign bit when the request
         size is treaded as a long will return null.
  
    Maximum overhead wastage per allocated chunk: normally 15 bytes
  
         Alignnment demands, plus the minimum allocatable size restriction
         make the normal worst-case wastage 15 bytes (i.e., up to 15
         more bytes will be allocated than were requested in malloc), with
         two exceptions:

  	 1. Because requests for zero bytes allocate non-zero space,
  	    the worst case wastage for a request of zero bytes is 24 bytes.
  	 2. For requests >= mmap_threshold that are serviced via
  	    mmap(), the worst case wastage is 8 bytes plus the remainder
  	    from a system page (the minimal mmap unit); typically 4096 bytes.

  
  * Limitations
  
      Here are some features that are NOT currently supported
  
      * No user-definable hooks for callbacks and the like.
      * No automated mechanism for fully checking that all accesses
        to malloced memory stay within their bounds.
      * No support for compaction.
  
  * Synopsis of compile-time options:
  
      People have reported using previous versions of this malloc on all
      versions of Unix, sometimes by tweaking some of the defines
      below. It has been tested most extensively on Solaris and
      Linux. It is also reported to work on WIN32 platforms.
      People have also reported adapting this malloc for use in
      stand-alone embedded systems.
  
      The implementation is in straight, hand-tuned ANSI C.  Among other
      consequences, it uses a lot of macros.  Because of this, to be at
      all usable, this code should be compiled using an optimizing compiler
      (for example gcc -O2) that can simplify expressions and control
      paths.
  
    __STD_C                  (default: derived from C compiler defines)
       Nonzero if using ANSI-standard C compiler, a C++ compiler, or
       a C compiler sufficiently close to ANSI to get away with it.
    DEBUG                    (default: NOT defined)
       Define to enable debugging. Adds fairly extensive assertion-based
       checking to help track down memory errors, but noticeably slows down
       execution.
    REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES (default: NOT defined)
       Define this if you think that realloc(p, 0) should be equivalent
       to free(p). Otherwise, since malloc returns a unique pointer for
       malloc(0), so does realloc(p, 0).
    HAVE_MEMCPY               (default: defined)
       Define if you are not otherwise using ANSI STD C, but still
       have memcpy and memset in your C library and want to use them.
       Otherwise, simple internal versions are supplied.
    USE_MEMCPY               (default: 1 if HAVE_MEMCPY is defined, 0 otherwise)
       Define as 1 if you want the C library versions of memset and
       memcpy called in realloc and calloc (otherwise macro versions are used).
       At least on some platforms, the simple macro versions usually
       outperform libc versions.
    HAVE_MMAP                 (default: defined as 1)
       Define to non-zero to optionally make malloc() use mmap() to
       allocate very large blocks.
    HAVE_MREMAP                 (default: defined as 0 unless Linux libc set)
       Define to non-zero to optionally make realloc() use mremap() to
       reallocate very large blocks.
    malloc_getpagesize        (default: derived from system #includes)
       Either a constant or routine call returning the system page size.
    HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H (default: NOT defined)
       Optionally define if you are on a system with a /usr/include/malloc.h
       that declares struct mallinfo. It is not at all necessary to
       define this even if you do, but will ensure consistency.
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T           (default: size_t)
       Define to a 32-bit type (probably `unsigned int') if you are on a
       64-bit machine, yet do not want or need to allow malloc requests of
       greater than 2^31 to be handled. This saves space, especially for
       very small chunks.
    INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB      (default: NOT defined)
       Defined only when compiled as part of Linux libc.
       Also note that there is some odd internal name-mangling via defines
       (for example, internally, `malloc' is named `mALLOc') needed
       when compiling in this case. These look funny but don't otherwise
       affect anything.
    WIN32                     (default: undefined)
       Define this on MS win (95, nt) platforms to compile in sbrk emulation.
    LACKS_UNISTD_H            (default: undefined if not WIN32)
       Define this if your system does not have a <unistd.h>.
    LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H         (default: undefined if not WIN32)
       Define this if your system does not have a <sys/param.h>.
    MORECORE                  (default: sbrk)
       The name of the routine to call to obtain more memory from the system.
    MORECORE_FAILURE          (default: -1)
       The value returned upon failure of MORECORE.
    MORECORE_CLEARS           (default 1)

       true (1) if the routine mapped to MORECORE zeroes out memory (which

       holds for sbrk).
    DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD
    DEFAULT_TOP_PAD
    DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD
    DEFAULT_MMAP_MAX
       Default values of tunable parameters (described in detail below)
       controlling interaction with host system routines (sbrk, mmap, etc).
       These values may also be changed dynamically via mallopt(). The
       preset defaults are those that give best performance for typical
       programs/systems.
    USE_DL_PREFIX             (default: undefined)
       Prefix all public routines with the string 'dl'.  Useful to
       quickly avoid procedure declaration conflicts and linker symbol
       conflicts with existing memory allocation routines.
  
  
  */
  
  
  
  
  /* Preliminaries */
  
  #ifndef __STD_C
  #ifdef __STDC__
  #define __STD_C     1
  #else
  #if __cplusplus
  #define __STD_C     1
  #else
  #define __STD_C     0
  #endif /*__cplusplus*/
  #endif /*__STDC__*/
  #endif /*__STD_C*/
  
  #ifndef Void_t
  #if (__STD_C || defined(WIN32))
  #define Void_t      void
  #else
  #define Void_t      char
  #endif
  #endif /*Void_t*/
  
  #if __STD_C
  #include <stddef.h>   /* for size_t */
  #else
  #include <sys/types.h>
  #endif
  
  #ifdef __cplusplus
  extern "C" {
  #endif
  
  #include <stdio.h>    /* needed for malloc_stats */
  
  
  /*
    Compile-time options
  */
  
  
  /*
      Debugging:
  
      Because freed chunks may be overwritten with link fields, this
      malloc will often die when freed memory is overwritten by user
      programs.  This can be very effective (albeit in an annoying way)
      in helping track down dangling pointers.
  
      If you compile with -DDEBUG, a number of assertion checks are
      enabled that will catch more memory errors. You probably won't be
      able to make much sense of the actual assertion errors, but they
      should help you locate incorrectly overwritten memory.  The
      checking is fairly extensive, and will slow down execution
      noticeably. Calling malloc_stats or mallinfo with DEBUG set will
      attempt to check every non-mmapped allocated and free chunk in the
      course of computing the summmaries. (By nature, mmapped regions
      cannot be checked very much automatically.)
  
      Setting DEBUG may also be helpful if you are trying to modify
      this code. The assertions in the check routines spell out in more
      detail the assumptions and invariants underlying the algorithms.
  
  */
  
  #if DEBUG
  #include <assert.h>
  #else
  #define assert(x) ((void)0)
  #endif
  
  
  /*
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T is the word-size used for internal bookkeeping
    of chunk sizes. On a 64-bit machine, you can reduce malloc
    overhead by defining INTERNAL_SIZE_T to be a 32 bit `unsigned int'
    at the expense of not being able to handle requests greater than
    2^31. This limitation is hardly ever a concern; you are encouraged
    to set this. However, the default version is the same as size_t.
  */
  
  #ifndef INTERNAL_SIZE_T
  #define INTERNAL_SIZE_T size_t
  #endif
  
  /*
    REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES should be set if a call to
    realloc with zero bytes should be the same as a call to free.
    Some people think it should. Otherwise, since this malloc
    returns a unique pointer for malloc(0), so does realloc(p, 0).
  */
  
  
  /*   #define REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES */
  
  
  /*
    WIN32 causes an emulation of sbrk to be compiled in
    mmap-based options are not currently supported in WIN32.
  */
  
  /* #define WIN32 */
  #ifdef WIN32
  #define MORECORE wsbrk
  #define HAVE_MMAP 0
  
  #define LACKS_UNISTD_H
  #define LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H
  
  /*
    Include 'windows.h' to get the necessary declarations for the
    Microsoft Visual C++ data structures and routines used in the 'sbrk'
    emulation.
  
    Define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN so that only the essential Microsoft
    Visual C++ header files are included.
  */
  #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
  #include <windows.h>
  #endif
  
  
  /*
    HAVE_MEMCPY should be defined if you are not otherwise using
    ANSI STD C, but still have memcpy and memset in your C library
    and want to use them in calloc and realloc. Otherwise simple
    macro versions are defined here.
  
    USE_MEMCPY should be defined as 1 if you actually want to
    have memset and memcpy called. People report that the macro
    versions are often enough faster than libc versions on many
    systems that it is better to use them.
  
  */
  
  #define HAVE_MEMCPY
  
  #ifndef USE_MEMCPY
  #ifdef HAVE_MEMCPY
  #define USE_MEMCPY 1
  #else
  #define USE_MEMCPY 0
  #endif
  #endif
  
  #if (__STD_C || defined(HAVE_MEMCPY))
  
  #if __STD_C
  void* memset(void*, int, size_t);
  void* memcpy(void*, const void*, size_t);
  #else
  #ifdef WIN32

  /* On Win32 platforms, 'memset()' and 'memcpy()' are already declared in */
  /* 'windows.h' */

  #else
  Void_t* memset();
  Void_t* memcpy();
  #endif
  #endif
  #endif
  
  #if USE_MEMCPY
  
  /* The following macros are only invoked with (2n+1)-multiples of
     INTERNAL_SIZE_T units, with a positive integer n. This is exploited
     for fast inline execution when n is small. */
  
  #define MALLOC_ZERO(charp, nbytes)                                            \
  do {                                                                          \
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T mzsz = (nbytes);                                            \
    if(mzsz <= 9*sizeof(mzsz)) {                                                \
      INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mz = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) (charp);                         \
      if(mzsz >= 5*sizeof(mzsz)) {     *mz++ = 0;                               \

  				     *mz++ = 0;                               \

        if(mzsz >= 7*sizeof(mzsz)) {   *mz++ = 0;                               \

  				     *mz++ = 0;                               \
  	if(mzsz >= 9*sizeof(mzsz)) { *mz++ = 0;                               \
  				     *mz++ = 0; }}}                           \
  				     *mz++ = 0;                               \
  				     *mz++ = 0;                               \
  				     *mz   = 0;                               \

    } else memset((charp), 0, mzsz);                                            \
  } while(0)
  
  #define MALLOC_COPY(dest,src,nbytes)                                          \
  do {                                                                          \
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T mcsz = (nbytes);                                            \
    if(mcsz <= 9*sizeof(mcsz)) {                                                \
      INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mcsrc = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) (src);                        \
      INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mcdst = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) (dest);                       \
      if(mcsz >= 5*sizeof(mcsz)) {     *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                     \

  				     *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                     \

        if(mcsz >= 7*sizeof(mcsz)) {   *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                     \

  				     *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                     \
  	if(mcsz >= 9*sizeof(mcsz)) { *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                     \
  				     *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; }}}                 \
  				     *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                     \
  				     *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                     \
  				     *mcdst   = *mcsrc  ;                     \

    } else memcpy(dest, src, mcsz);                                             \
  } while(0)
  
  #else /* !USE_MEMCPY */
  
  /* Use Duff's device for good zeroing/copying performance. */
  
  #define MALLOC_ZERO(charp, nbytes)                                            \
  do {                                                                          \
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mzp = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*)(charp);                           \
    long mctmp = (nbytes)/sizeof(INTERNAL_SIZE_T), mcn;                         \
    if (mctmp < 8) mcn = 0; else { mcn = (mctmp-1)/8; mctmp %= 8; }             \
    switch (mctmp) {                                                            \
      case 0: for(;;) { *mzp++ = 0;                                             \
      case 7:           *mzp++ = 0;                                             \
      case 6:           *mzp++ = 0;                                             \
      case 5:           *mzp++ = 0;                                             \
      case 4:           *mzp++ = 0;                                             \
      case 3:           *mzp++ = 0;                                             \
      case 2:           *mzp++ = 0;                                             \
      case 1:           *mzp++ = 0; if(mcn <= 0) break; mcn--; }                \
    }                                                                           \
  } while(0)
  
  #define MALLOC_COPY(dest,src,nbytes)                                          \
  do {                                                                          \
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mcsrc = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) src;                            \
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mcdst = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) dest;                           \
    long mctmp = (nbytes)/sizeof(INTERNAL_SIZE_T), mcn;                         \
    if (mctmp < 8) mcn = 0; else { mcn = (mctmp-1)/8; mctmp %= 8; }             \
    switch (mctmp) {                                                            \
      case 0: for(;;) { *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                                    \
      case 7:           *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                                    \
      case 6:           *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                                    \
      case 5:           *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                                    \
      case 4:           *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                                    \
      case 3:           *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                                    \
      case 2:           *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++;                                    \
      case 1:           *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; if(mcn <= 0) break; mcn--; }       \
    }                                                                           \
  } while(0)
  
  #endif
  
  
  /*
    Define HAVE_MMAP to optionally make malloc() use mmap() to
    allocate very large blocks.  These will be returned to the
    operating system immediately after a free().
  */
  
  #ifndef HAVE_MMAP
  #define HAVE_MMAP 1
  #endif
  
  /*
    Define HAVE_MREMAP to make realloc() use mremap() to re-allocate
    large blocks.  This is currently only possible on Linux with
    kernel versions newer than 1.3.77.
  */
  
  #ifndef HAVE_MREMAP
  #ifdef INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB
  #define HAVE_MREMAP 1
  #else
  #define HAVE_MREMAP 0
  #endif
  #endif
  
  #if HAVE_MMAP
  
  #include <unistd.h>
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #include <sys/mman.h>
  
  #if !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS) && defined(MAP_ANON)
  #define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON
  #endif
  
  #endif /* HAVE_MMAP */
  
  /*
    Access to system page size. To the extent possible, this malloc
    manages memory from the system in page-size units.
  
    The following mechanics for getpagesize were adapted from
    bsd/gnu getpagesize.h
  */
  
  #ifndef LACKS_UNISTD_H
  #  include <unistd.h>
  #endif
  
  #ifndef malloc_getpagesize
  #  ifdef _SC_PAGESIZE         /* some SVR4 systems omit an underscore */
  #    ifndef _SC_PAGE_SIZE
  #      define _SC_PAGE_SIZE _SC_PAGESIZE
  #    endif
  #  endif
  #  ifdef _SC_PAGE_SIZE
  #    define malloc_getpagesize sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)
  #  else
  #    if defined(BSD) || defined(DGUX) || defined(HAVE_GETPAGESIZE)
         extern size_t getpagesize();
  #      define malloc_getpagesize getpagesize()
  #    else
  #      ifdef WIN32
  #        define malloc_getpagesize (4096) /* TBD: Use 'GetSystemInfo' instead */
  #      else
  #        ifndef LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H
  #          include <sys/param.h>
  #        endif
  #        ifdef EXEC_PAGESIZE
  #          define malloc_getpagesize EXEC_PAGESIZE
  #        else
  #          ifdef NBPG
  #            ifndef CLSIZE
  #              define malloc_getpagesize NBPG
  #            else
  #              define malloc_getpagesize (NBPG * CLSIZE)
  #            endif
  #          else
  #            ifdef NBPC
  #              define malloc_getpagesize NBPC
  #            else
  #              ifdef PAGESIZE
  #                define malloc_getpagesize PAGESIZE
  #              else
  #                define malloc_getpagesize (4096) /* just guess */
  #              endif
  #            endif
  #          endif
  #        endif
  #      endif
  #    endif
  #  endif
  #endif

  /*
  
    This version of malloc supports the standard SVID/XPG mallinfo
    routine that returns a struct containing the same kind of
    information you can get from malloc_stats. It should work on
    any SVID/XPG compliant system that has a /usr/include/malloc.h
    defining struct mallinfo. (If you'd like to install such a thing
    yourself, cut out the preliminary declarations as described above
    and below and save them in a malloc.h file. But there's no
    compelling reason to bother to do this.)
  
    The main declaration needed is the mallinfo struct that is returned
    (by-copy) by mallinfo().  The SVID/XPG malloinfo struct contains a
    bunch of fields, most of which are not even meaningful in this
    version of malloc. Some of these fields are are instead filled by
    mallinfo() with other numbers that might possibly be of interest.
  
    HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H should be set if you have a
    /usr/include/malloc.h file that includes a declaration of struct
    mallinfo.  If so, it is included; else an SVID2/XPG2 compliant
    version is declared below.  These must be precisely the same for
    mallinfo() to work.
  
  */
  
  /* #define HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H */
  
  #if HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H
  #include "/usr/include/malloc.h"
  #else
  
  /* SVID2/XPG mallinfo structure */
  
  struct mallinfo {
    int arena;    /* total space allocated from system */
    int ordblks;  /* number of non-inuse chunks */
    int smblks;   /* unused -- always zero */
    int hblks;    /* number of mmapped regions */
    int hblkhd;   /* total space in mmapped regions */
    int usmblks;  /* unused -- always zero */
    int fsmblks;  /* unused -- always zero */
    int uordblks; /* total allocated space */
    int fordblks; /* total non-inuse space */
    int keepcost; /* top-most, releasable (via malloc_trim) space */
  };
  
  /* SVID2/XPG mallopt options */
  
  #define M_MXFAST  1    /* UNUSED in this malloc */
  #define M_NLBLKS  2    /* UNUSED in this malloc */
  #define M_GRAIN   3    /* UNUSED in this malloc */
  #define M_KEEP    4    /* UNUSED in this malloc */
  
  #endif
  
  /* mallopt options that actually do something */
  
  #define M_TRIM_THRESHOLD    -1
  #define M_TOP_PAD           -2
  #define M_MMAP_THRESHOLD    -3
  #define M_MMAP_MAX          -4

  #ifndef DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD
  #define DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD (128 * 1024)
  #endif
  
  /*
      M_TRIM_THRESHOLD is the maximum amount of unused top-most memory
        to keep before releasing via malloc_trim in free().
  
        Automatic trimming is mainly useful in long-lived programs.
        Because trimming via sbrk can be slow on some systems, and can
        sometimes be wasteful (in cases where programs immediately
        afterward allocate more large chunks) the value should be high
        enough so that your overall system performance would improve by
        releasing.
  
        The trim threshold and the mmap control parameters (see below)
        can be traded off with one another. Trimming and mmapping are
        two different ways of releasing unused memory back to the
        system. Between these two, it is often possible to keep
        system-level demands of a long-lived program down to a bare
        minimum. For example, in one test suite of sessions measuring
        the XF86 X server on Linux, using a trim threshold of 128K and a
        mmap threshold of 192K led to near-minimal long term resource
        consumption.
  
        If you are using this malloc in a long-lived program, it should
        pay to experiment with these values.  As a rough guide, you
        might set to a value close to the average size of a process
        (program) running on your system.  Releasing this much memory
        would allow such a process to run in memory.  Generally, it's
        worth it to tune for trimming rather tham memory mapping when a
        program undergoes phases where several large chunks are
        allocated and released in ways that can reuse each other's
        storage, perhaps mixed with phases where there are no such
        chunks at all.  And in well-behaved long-lived programs,
        controlling release of large blocks via trimming versus mapping
        is usually faster.
  
        However, in most programs, these parameters serve mainly as
        protection against the system-level effects of carrying around
        massive amounts of unneeded memory. Since frequent calls to
        sbrk, mmap, and munmap otherwise degrade performance, the default
        parameters are set to relatively high values that serve only as
        safeguards.
  
        The default trim value is high enough to cause trimming only in
        fairly extreme (by current memory consumption standards) cases.
        It must be greater than page size to have any useful effect.  To
        disable trimming completely, you can set to (unsigned long)(-1);
  
  
  */
  
  
  #ifndef DEFAULT_TOP_PAD
  #define DEFAULT_TOP_PAD        (0)
  #endif
  
  /*
      M_TOP_PAD is the amount of extra `padding' space to allocate or
        retain whenever sbrk is called. It is used in two ways internally:
  
        * When sbrk is called to extend the top of the arena to satisfy

  	a new malloc request, this much padding is added to the sbrk
  	request.

  
        * When malloc_trim is called automatically from free(),

  	it is used as the `pad' argument.

  
        In both cases, the actual amount of padding is rounded
        so that the end of the arena is always a system page boundary.
  
        The main reason for using padding is to avoid calling sbrk so
        often. Having even a small pad greatly reduces the likelihood
        that nearly every malloc request during program start-up (or
        after trimming) will invoke sbrk, which needlessly wastes
        time.
  
        Automatic rounding-up to page-size units is normally sufficient
        to avoid measurable overhead, so the default is 0.  However, in
        systems where sbrk is relatively slow, it can pay to increase
        this value, at the expense of carrying around more memory than
        the program needs.
  
  */
  
  
  #ifndef DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD
  #define DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD (128 * 1024)
  #endif
  
  /*
  
      M_MMAP_THRESHOLD is the request size threshold for using mmap()
        to service a request. Requests of at least this size that cannot
        be allocated using already-existing space will be serviced via mmap.
        (If enough normal freed space already exists it is used instead.)
  
        Using mmap segregates relatively large chunks of memory so that
        they can be individually obtained and released from the host
        system. A request serviced through mmap is never reused by any
        other request (at least not directly; the system may just so
        happen to remap successive requests to the same locations).
  
        Segregating space in this way has the benefit that mmapped space
        can ALWAYS be individually released back to the system, which
        helps keep the system level memory demands of a long-lived
        program low. Mapped memory can never become `locked' between
        other chunks, as can happen with normally allocated chunks, which
        menas that even trimming via malloc_trim would not release them.
  
        However, it has the disadvantages that:

  	 1. The space cannot be reclaimed, consolidated, and then
  	    used to service later requests, as happens with normal chunks.
  	 2. It can lead to more wastage because of mmap page alignment
  	    requirements
  	 3. It causes malloc performance to be more dependent on host
  	    system memory management support routines which may vary in
  	    implementation quality and may impose arbitrary
  	    limitations. Generally, servicing a request via normal
  	    malloc steps is faster than going through a system's mmap.

  
        All together, these considerations should lead you to use mmap
        only for relatively large requests.
  
  
  */

  #ifndef DEFAULT_MMAP_MAX
  #if HAVE_MMAP
  #define DEFAULT_MMAP_MAX       (64)
  #else
  #define DEFAULT_MMAP_MAX       (0)
  #endif
  #endif
  
  /*
      M_MMAP_MAX is the maximum number of requests to simultaneously
        service using mmap. This parameter exists because:

  	 1. Some systems have a limited number of internal tables for
  	    use by mmap.
  	 2. In most systems, overreliance on mmap can degrade overall
  	    performance.
  	 3. If a program allocates many large regions, it is probably
  	    better off using normal sbrk-based allocation routines that
  	    can reclaim and reallocate normal heap memory. Using a
  	    small value allows transition into this mode after the
  	    first few allocations.

  
        Setting to 0 disables all use of mmap.  If HAVE_MMAP is not set,
        the default value is 0, and attempts to set it to non-zero values
        in mallopt will fail.
  */

  /*
      USE_DL_PREFIX will prefix all public routines with the string 'dl'.
        Useful to quickly avoid procedure declaration conflicts and linker
        symbol conflicts with existing memory allocation routines.
  
  */
  
  /* #define USE_DL_PREFIX */

  /*
  
    Special defines for linux libc
  
    Except when compiled using these special defines for Linux libc
    using weak aliases, this malloc is NOT designed to work in
    multithreaded applications.  No semaphores or other concurrency
    control are provided to ensure that multiple malloc or free calls
    don't run at the same time, which could be disasterous. A single
    semaphore could be used across malloc, realloc, and free (which is
    essentially the effect of the linux weak alias approach). It would
    be hard to obtain finer granularity.
  
  */
  
  
  #ifdef INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB
  
  #if __STD_C
  
  Void_t * __default_morecore_init (ptrdiff_t);
  Void_t *(*__morecore)(ptrdiff_t) = __default_morecore_init;
  
  #else
  
  Void_t * __default_morecore_init ();
  Void_t *(*__morecore)() = __default_morecore_init;
  
  #endif
  
  #define MORECORE (*__morecore)
  #define MORECORE_FAILURE 0
  #define MORECORE_CLEARS 1
  
  #else /* INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB */
  
  #if __STD_C
  extern Void_t*     sbrk(ptrdiff_t);
  #else
  extern Void_t*     sbrk();
  #endif
  
  #ifndef MORECORE
  #define MORECORE sbrk
  #endif
  
  #ifndef MORECORE_FAILURE
  #define MORECORE_FAILURE -1
  #endif
  
  #ifndef MORECORE_CLEARS
  #define MORECORE_CLEARS 1
  #endif
  
  #endif /* INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB */
  
  #if defined(INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB) && defined(__ELF__)
  
  #define cALLOc		__libc_calloc
  #define fREe		__libc_free
  #define mALLOc		__libc_malloc
  #define mEMALIGn	__libc_memalign
  #define rEALLOc		__libc_realloc
  #define vALLOc		__libc_valloc
  #define pvALLOc		__libc_pvalloc
  #define mALLINFo	__libc_mallinfo
  #define mALLOPt		__libc_mallopt
  
  #pragma weak calloc = __libc_calloc
  #pragma weak free = __libc_free
  #pragma weak cfree = __libc_free
  #pragma weak malloc = __libc_malloc
  #pragma weak memalign = __libc_memalign
  #pragma weak realloc = __libc_realloc
  #pragma weak valloc = __libc_valloc
  #pragma weak pvalloc = __libc_pvalloc
  #pragma weak mallinfo = __libc_mallinfo
  #pragma weak mallopt = __libc_mallopt
  
  #else
  
  #ifdef USE_DL_PREFIX
  #define cALLOc		dlcalloc
  #define fREe		dlfree
  #define mALLOc		dlmalloc
  #define mEMALIGn	dlmemalign
  #define rEALLOc		dlrealloc
  #define vALLOc		dlvalloc
  #define pvALLOc		dlpvalloc
  #define mALLINFo	dlmallinfo
  #define mALLOPt		dlmallopt
  #else /* USE_DL_PREFIX */
  #define cALLOc		calloc
  #define fREe		free
  #define mALLOc		malloc
  #define mEMALIGn	memalign
  #define rEALLOc		realloc
  #define vALLOc		valloc
  #define pvALLOc		pvalloc
  #define mALLINFo	mallinfo
  #define mALLOPt		mallopt
  #endif /* USE_DL_PREFIX */
  
  #endif
  
  /* Public routines */
  
  #if __STD_C
  
  Void_t* mALLOc(size_t);
  void    fREe(Void_t*);
  Void_t* rEALLOc(Void_t*, size_t);
  Void_t* mEMALIGn(size_t, size_t);
  Void_t* vALLOc(size_t);
  Void_t* pvALLOc(size_t);
  Void_t* cALLOc(size_t, size_t);
  void    cfree(Void_t*);
  int     malloc_trim(size_t);
  size_t  malloc_usable_size(Void_t*);
  void    malloc_stats();
  int     mALLOPt(int, int);
  struct mallinfo mALLINFo(void);
  #else
  Void_t* mALLOc();
  void    fREe();
  Void_t* rEALLOc();
  Void_t* mEMALIGn();
  Void_t* vALLOc();
  Void_t* pvALLOc();
  Void_t* cALLOc();
  void    cfree();
  int     malloc_trim();
  size_t  malloc_usable_size();
  void    malloc_stats();
  int     mALLOPt();
  struct mallinfo mALLINFo();
  #endif
  
  
  #ifdef __cplusplus
  };  /* end of extern "C" */
  #endif
  
  /* ---------- To make a malloc.h, end cutting here ------------ */
  
  
  /*
    Emulation of sbrk for WIN32
    All code within the ifdef WIN32 is untested by me.
  
    Thanks to Martin Fong and others for supplying this.
  */
  
  
  #ifdef WIN32
  
  #define AlignPage(add) (((add) + (malloc_getpagesize-1)) & \
  ~(malloc_getpagesize-1))
  #define AlignPage64K(add) (((add) + (0x10000 - 1)) & ~(0x10000 - 1))
  
  /* resrve 64MB to insure large contiguous space */
  #define RESERVED_SIZE (1024*1024*64)
  #define NEXT_SIZE (2048*1024)
  #define TOP_MEMORY ((unsigned long)2*1024*1024*1024)
  
  struct GmListElement;
  typedef struct GmListElement GmListElement;
  
  struct GmListElement
  {
  	GmListElement* next;
  	void* base;
  };
  
  static GmListElement* head = 0;
  static unsigned int gNextAddress = 0;
  static unsigned int gAddressBase = 0;
  static unsigned int gAllocatedSize = 0;
  
  static
  GmListElement* makeGmListElement (void* bas)
  {
  	GmListElement* this;
  	this = (GmListElement*)(void*)LocalAlloc (0, sizeof (GmListElement));
  	assert (this);
  	if (this)
  	{
  		this->base = bas;
  		this->next = head;
  		head = this;
  	}
  	return this;
  }
  
  void gcleanup ()
  {
  	BOOL rval;
  	assert ( (head == NULL) || (head->base == (void*)gAddressBase));
  	if (gAddressBase && (gNextAddress - gAddressBase))
  	{
  		rval = VirtualFree ((void*)gAddressBase,
  							gNextAddress - gAddressBase,
  							MEM_DECOMMIT);

  	assert (rval);

  	}
  	while (head)
  	{
  		GmListElement* next = head->next;
  		rval = VirtualFree (head->base, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
  		assert (rval);
  		LocalFree (head);
  		head = next;
  	}
  }
  
  static
  void* findRegion (void* start_address, unsigned long size)
  {
  	MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION info;
  	if (size >= TOP_MEMORY) return NULL;
  
  	while ((unsigned long)start_address + size < TOP_MEMORY)
  	{
  		VirtualQuery (start_address, &info, sizeof (info));
  		if ((info.State == MEM_FREE) && (info.RegionSize >= size))
  			return start_address;
  		else
  		{

  			/* Requested region is not available so see if the */
  			/* next region is available.  Set 'start_address' */
  			/* to the next region and call 'VirtualQuery()' */
  			/* again. */

  
  			start_address = (char*)info.BaseAddress + info.RegionSize;

  			/* Make sure we start looking for the next region */
  			/* on the *next* 64K boundary.  Otherwise, even if */
  			/* the new region is free according to */
  			/* 'VirtualQuery()', the subsequent call to */
  			/* 'VirtualAlloc()' (which follows the call to */
  			/* this routine in 'wsbrk()') will round *down* */
  			/* the requested address to a 64K boundary which */
  			/* we already know is an address in the */
  			/* unavailable region.  Thus, the subsequent call */
  			/* to 'VirtualAlloc()' will fail and bring us back */
  			/* here, causing us to go into an infinite loop. */

  
  			start_address =
  				(void *) AlignPage64K((unsigned long) start_address);
  		}
  	}
  	return NULL;
  
  }
  
  
  void* wsbrk (long size)
  {
  	void* tmp;
  	if (size > 0)
  	{
  		if (gAddressBase == 0)
  		{
  			gAllocatedSize = max (RESERVED_SIZE, AlignPage (size));
  			gNextAddress = gAddressBase =
  				(unsigned int)VirtualAlloc (NULL, gAllocatedSize,
  											MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_NOACCESS);
  		} else if (AlignPage (gNextAddress + size) > (gAddressBase +
  gAllocatedSize))
  		{
  			long new_size = max (NEXT_SIZE, AlignPage (size));
  			void* new_address = (void*)(gAddressBase+gAllocatedSize);
  			do
  			{
  				new_address = findRegion (new_address, new_size);
  
  				if (new_address == 0)
  					return (void*)-1;
  
  				gAddressBase = gNextAddress =
  					(unsigned int)VirtualAlloc (new_address, new_size,
  												MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_NOACCESS);

  				/* repeat in case of race condition */
  				/* The region that we found has been snagged */
  				/* by another thread */

  			}
  			while (gAddressBase == 0);
  
  			assert (new_address == (void*)gAddressBase);
  
  			gAllocatedSize = new_size;
  
  			if (!makeGmListElement ((void*)gAddressBase))
  				return (void*)-1;
  		}
  		if ((size + gNextAddress) > AlignPage (gNextAddress))
  		{
  			void* res;
  			res = VirtualAlloc ((void*)AlignPage (gNextAddress),
  								(size + gNextAddress -
  								 AlignPage (gNextAddress)),
  								MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
  			if (res == 0)
  				return (void*)-1;
  		}
  		tmp = (void*)gNextAddress;
  		gNextAddress = (unsigned int)tmp + size;
  		return tmp;
  	}
  	else if (size < 0)
  	{
  		unsigned int alignedGoal = AlignPage (gNextAddress + size);
  		/* Trim by releasing the virtual memory */
  		if (alignedGoal >= gAddressBase)
  		{
  			VirtualFree ((void*)alignedGoal, gNextAddress - alignedGoal,
  						 MEM_DECOMMIT);
  			gNextAddress = gNextAddress + size;
  			return (void*)gNextAddress;
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			VirtualFree ((void*)gAddressBase, gNextAddress - gAddressBase,
  						 MEM_DECOMMIT);
  			gNextAddress = gAddressBase;
  			return (void*)-1;
  		}
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		return (void*)gNextAddress;
  	}
  }
  
  #endif
  
  
  
  /*
    Type declarations
  */
  
  
  struct malloc_chunk
  {
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T prev_size; /* Size of previous chunk (if free). */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T size;      /* Size in bytes, including overhead. */
    struct malloc_chunk* fd;   /* double links -- used only if free. */
    struct malloc_chunk* bk;
  };
  
  typedef struct malloc_chunk* mchunkptr;
  
  /*
  
     malloc_chunk details:
  
      (The following includes lightly edited explanations by Colin Plumb.)
  
      Chunks of memory are maintained using a `boundary tag' method as
      described in e.g., Knuth or Standish.  (See the paper by Paul
      Wilson ftp://ftp.cs.utexas.edu/pub/garbage/allocsrv.ps for a
      survey of such techniques.)  Sizes of free chunks are stored both
      in the front of each chunk and at the end.  This makes
      consolidating fragmented chunks into bigger chunks very fast.  The
      size fields also hold bits representing whether chunks are free or
      in use.
  
      An allocated chunk looks like this:
  
  
      chunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

  	    |             Size of previous chunk, if allocated            | |
  	    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  	    |             Size of chunk, in bytes                         |P|

        mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

  	    |             User data starts here...                          .
  	    .                                                               .
  	    .             (malloc_usable_space() bytes)                     .
  	    .                                                               |

  nextchunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

  	    |             Size of chunk                                     |
  	    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

  
  
      Where "chunk" is the front of the chunk for the purpose of most of
      the malloc code, but "mem" is the pointer that is returned to the
      user.  "Nextchunk" is the beginning of the next contiguous chunk.
  
      Chunks always begin on even word boundries, so the mem portion
      (which is returned to the user) is also on an even word boundary, and
      thus double-word aligned.
  
      Free chunks are stored in circular doubly-linked lists, and look like this:
  
      chunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

  	    |             Size of previous chunk                            |
  	    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      `head:' |             Size of chunk, in bytes                         |P|
        mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

  	    |             Forward pointer to next chunk in list             |
  	    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  	    |             Back pointer to previous chunk in list            |
  	    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  	    |             Unused space (may be 0 bytes long)                .
  	    .                                                               .
  	    .                                                               |

  nextchunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      `foot:' |             Size of chunk, in bytes                           |

  	    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

  
      The P (PREV_INUSE) bit, stored in the unused low-order bit of the
      chunk size (which is always a multiple of two words), is an in-use
      bit for the *previous* chunk.  If that bit is *clear*, then the
      word before the current chunk size contains the previous chunk
      size, and can be used to find the front of the previous chunk.
      (The very first chunk allocated always has this bit set,
      preventing access to non-existent (or non-owned) memory.)
  
      Note that the `foot' of the current chunk is actually represented
      as the prev_size of the NEXT chunk. (This makes it easier to
      deal with alignments etc).
  
      The two exceptions to all this are
  
       1. The special chunk `top', which doesn't bother using the

  	trailing size field since there is no
  	next contiguous chunk that would have to index off it. (After
  	initialization, `top' is forced to always exist.  If it would
  	become less than MINSIZE bytes long, it is replenished via
  	malloc_extend_top.)

  
       2. Chunks allocated via mmap, which have the second-lowest-order

  	bit (IS_MMAPPED) set in their size fields.  Because they are
  	never merged or traversed from any other chunk, they have no
  	foot size or inuse information.

  
      Available chunks are kept in any of several places (all declared below):
  
      * `av': An array of chunks serving as bin headers for consolidated
         chunks. Each bin is doubly linked.  The bins are approximately
         proportionally (log) spaced.  There are a lot of these bins
         (128). This may look excessive, but works very well in
         practice.  All procedures maintain the invariant that no
         consolidated chunk physically borders another one. Chunks in
         bins are kept in size order, with ties going to the
         approximately least recently used chunk.
  
         The chunks in each bin are maintained in decreasing sorted order by
         size.  This is irrelevant for the small bins, which all contain
         the same-sized chunks, but facilitates best-fit allocation for
         larger chunks. (These lists are just sequential. Keeping them in
         order almost never requires enough traversal to warrant using
         fancier ordered data structures.)  Chunks of the same size are
         linked with the most recently freed at the front, and allocations
         are taken from the back.  This results in LRU or FIFO allocation
         order, which tends to give each chunk an equal opportunity to be
         consolidated with adjacent freed chunks, resulting in larger free
         chunks and less fragmentation.
  
      * `top': The top-most available chunk (i.e., the one bordering the
         end of available memory) is treated specially. It is never
         included in any bin, is used only if no other chunk is
         available, and is released back to the system if it is very
         large (see M_TRIM_THRESHOLD).
  
      * `last_remainder': A bin holding only the remainder of the
         most recently split (non-top) chunk. This bin is checked
         before other non-fitting chunks, so as to provide better
         locality for runs of sequentially allocated chunks.
  
      *  Implicitly, through the host system's memory mapping tables.
         If supported, requests greater than a threshold are usually
         serviced via calls to mmap, and then later released via munmap.
  
  */

  
  
  
  /*  sizes, alignments */
  
  #define SIZE_SZ                (sizeof(INTERNAL_SIZE_T))
  #define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT       (SIZE_SZ + SIZE_SZ)
  #define MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK      (MALLOC_ALIGNMENT - 1)
  #define MINSIZE                (sizeof(struct malloc_chunk))
  
  /* conversion from malloc headers to user pointers, and back */
  
  #define chunk2mem(p)   ((Void_t*)((char*)(p) + 2*SIZE_SZ))
  #define mem2chunk(mem) ((mchunkptr)((char*)(mem) - 2*SIZE_SZ))
  
  /* pad request bytes into a usable size */
  
  #define request2size(req) \
   (((long)((req) + (SIZE_SZ + MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)) < \
    (long)(MINSIZE + MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)) ? MINSIZE : \
     (((req) + (SIZE_SZ + MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)) & ~(MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)))
  
  /* Check if m has acceptable alignment */
  
  #define aligned_OK(m)    (((unsigned long)((m)) & (MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)) == 0)
  
  
  
  
  /*
    Physical chunk operations
  */
  
  
  /* size field is or'ed with PREV_INUSE when previous adjacent chunk in use */
  
  #define PREV_INUSE 0x1
  
  /* size field is or'ed with IS_MMAPPED if the chunk was obtained with mmap() */
  
  #define IS_MMAPPED 0x2
  
  /* Bits to mask off when extracting size */
  
  #define SIZE_BITS (PREV_INUSE|IS_MMAPPED)
  
  
  /* Ptr to next physical malloc_chunk. */
  
  #define next_chunk(p) ((mchunkptr)( ((char*)(p)) + ((p)->size & ~PREV_INUSE) ))
  
  /* Ptr to previous physical malloc_chunk */
  
  #define prev_chunk(p)\
     ((mchunkptr)( ((char*)(p)) - ((p)->prev_size) ))
  
  
  /* Treat space at ptr + offset as a chunk */
  
  #define chunk_at_offset(p, s)  ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))
  
  
  
  
  /*
    Dealing with use bits
  */
  
  /* extract p's inuse bit */
  
  #define inuse(p)\
  ((((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p))+((p)->size & ~PREV_INUSE)))->size) & PREV_INUSE)
  
  /* extract inuse bit of previous chunk */
  
  #define prev_inuse(p)  ((p)->size & PREV_INUSE)
  
  /* check for mmap()'ed chunk */
  
  #define chunk_is_mmapped(p) ((p)->size & IS_MMAPPED)
  
  /* set/clear chunk as in use without otherwise disturbing */
  
  #define set_inuse(p)\
  ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + ((p)->size & ~PREV_INUSE)))->size |= PREV_INUSE
  
  #define clear_inuse(p)\
  ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + ((p)->size & ~PREV_INUSE)))->size &= ~(PREV_INUSE)
  
  /* check/set/clear inuse bits in known places */
  
  #define inuse_bit_at_offset(p, s)\
   (((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->size & PREV_INUSE)
  
  #define set_inuse_bit_at_offset(p, s)\
   (((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->size |= PREV_INUSE)
  
  #define clear_inuse_bit_at_offset(p, s)\
   (((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->size &= ~(PREV_INUSE))
  
  
  
  
  /*
    Dealing with size fields
  */
  
  /* Get size, ignoring use bits */
  
  #define chunksize(p)          ((p)->size & ~(SIZE_BITS))
  
  /* Set size at head, without disturbing its use bit */
  
  #define set_head_size(p, s)   ((p)->size = (((p)->size & PREV_INUSE) | (s)))
  
  /* Set size/use ignoring previous bits in header */
  
  #define set_head(p, s)        ((p)->size = (s))
  
  /* Set size at footer (only when chunk is not in use) */
  
  #define set_foot(p, s)   (((mchunkptr)((char*)(p) + (s)))->prev_size = (s))
  
  
  
  
  
  /*
     Bins
  
      The bins, `av_' are an array of pairs of pointers serving as the
      heads of (initially empty) doubly-linked lists of chunks, laid out
      in a way so that each pair can be treated as if it were in a
      malloc_chunk. (This way, the fd/bk offsets for linking bin heads
      and chunks are the same).
  
      Bins for sizes < 512 bytes contain chunks of all the same size, spaced
      8 bytes apart. Larger bins are approximately logarithmically
      spaced. (See the table below.) The `av_' array is never mentioned
      directly in the code, but instead via bin access macros.
  
      Bin layout:
  
      64 bins of size       8
      32 bins of size      64
      16 bins of size     512
       8 bins of size    4096
       4 bins of size   32768
       2 bins of size  262144
       1 bin  of size what's left
  
      There is actually a little bit of slop in the numbers in bin_index
      for the sake of speed. This makes no difference elsewhere.
  
      The special chunks `top' and `last_remainder' get their own bins,
      (this is implemented via yet more trickery with the av_ array),
      although `top' is never properly linked to its bin since it is
      always handled specially.
  
  */
  
  #define NAV             128   /* number of bins */
  
  typedef struct malloc_chunk* mbinptr;
  
  /* access macros */
  
  #define bin_at(i)      ((mbinptr)((char*)&(av_[2*(i) + 2]) - 2*SIZE_SZ))
  #define next_bin(b)    ((mbinptr)((char*)(b) + 2 * sizeof(mbinptr)))
  #define prev_bin(b)    ((mbinptr)((char*)(b) - 2 * sizeof(mbinptr)))
  
  /*
     The first 2 bins are never indexed. The corresponding av_ cells are instead
     used for bookkeeping. This is not to save space, but to simplify
     indexing, maintain locality, and avoid some initialization tests.
  */
  
  #define top            (bin_at(0)->fd)   /* The topmost chunk */
  #define last_remainder (bin_at(1))       /* remainder from last split */
  
  
  /*
     Because top initially points to its own bin with initial
     zero size, thus forcing extension on the first malloc request,
     we avoid having any special code in malloc to check whether
     it even exists yet. But we still need to in malloc_extend_top.
  */
  
  #define initial_top    ((mchunkptr)(bin_at(0)))
  
  /* Helper macro to initialize bins */
  
  #define IAV(i)  bin_at(i), bin_at(i)
  
  static mbinptr av_[NAV * 2 + 2] = {
   0, 0,
   IAV(0),   IAV(1),   IAV(2),   IAV(3),   IAV(4),   IAV(5),   IAV(6),   IAV(7),
   IAV(8),   IAV(9),   IAV(10),  IAV(11),  IAV(12),  IAV(13),  IAV(14),  IAV(15),
   IAV(16),  IAV(17),  IAV(18),  IAV(19),  IAV(20),  IAV(21),  IAV(22),  IAV(23),
   IAV(24),  IAV(25),  IAV(26),  IAV(27),  IAV(28),  IAV(29),  IAV(30),  IAV(31),
   IAV(32),  IAV(33),  IAV(34),  IAV(35),  IAV(36),  IAV(37),  IAV(38),  IAV(39),
   IAV(40),  IAV(41),  IAV(42),  IAV(43),  IAV(44),  IAV(45),  IAV(46),  IAV(47),
   IAV(48),  IAV(49),  IAV(50),  IAV(51),  IAV(52),  IAV(53),  IAV(54),  IAV(55),
   IAV(56),  IAV(57),  IAV(58),  IAV(59),  IAV(60),  IAV(61),  IAV(62),  IAV(63),
   IAV(64),  IAV(65),  IAV(66),  IAV(67),  IAV(68),  IAV(69),  IAV(70),  IAV(71),
   IAV(72),  IAV(73),  IAV(74),  IAV(75),  IAV(76),  IAV(77),  IAV(78),  IAV(79),
   IAV(80),  IAV(81),  IAV(82),  IAV(83),  IAV(84),  IAV(85),  IAV(86),  IAV(87),
   IAV(88),  IAV(89),  IAV(90),  IAV(91),  IAV(92),  IAV(93),  IAV(94),  IAV(95),
   IAV(96),  IAV(97),  IAV(98),  IAV(99),  IAV(100), IAV(101), IAV(102), IAV(103),
   IAV(104), IAV(105), IAV(106), IAV(107), IAV(108), IAV(109), IAV(110), IAV(111),
   IAV(112), IAV(113), IAV(114), IAV(115), IAV(116), IAV(117), IAV(118), IAV(119),
   IAV(120), IAV(121), IAV(122), IAV(123), IAV(124), IAV(125), IAV(126), IAV(127)
  };
  
  
  
  /* field-extraction macros */
  
  #define first(b) ((b)->fd)
  #define last(b)  ((b)->bk)
  
  /*
    Indexing into bins
  */
  
  #define bin_index(sz)                                                          \
  (((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) ==    0) ?       (((unsigned long)(sz)) >>  3): \
   ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <=    4) ?  56 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >>  6): \
   ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <=   20) ?  91 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >>  9): \
   ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <=   84) ? 110 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 12): \
   ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <=  340) ? 119 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 15): \
   ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <= 1364) ? 124 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 18): \

  					  126)

  /*
    bins for chunks < 512 are all spaced 8 bytes apart, and hold
    identically sized chunks. This is exploited in malloc.
  */
  
  #define MAX_SMALLBIN         63
  #define MAX_SMALLBIN_SIZE   512
  #define SMALLBIN_WIDTH        8
  
  #define smallbin_index(sz)  (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 3)
  
  /*
     Requests are `small' if both the corresponding and the next bin are small
  */
  
  #define is_small_request(nb) (nb < MAX_SMALLBIN_SIZE - SMALLBIN_WIDTH)
  
  
  
  /*
      To help compensate for the large number of bins, a one-level index
      structure is used for bin-by-bin searching.  `binblocks' is a
      one-word bitvector recording whether groups of BINBLOCKWIDTH bins
      have any (possibly) non-empty bins, so they can be skipped over
      all at once during during traversals. The bits are NOT always
      cleared as soon as all bins in a block are empty, but instead only
      when all are noticed to be empty during traversal in malloc.
  */
  
  #define BINBLOCKWIDTH     4   /* bins per block */
  
  #define binblocks      (bin_at(0)->size) /* bitvector of nonempty blocks */
  
  /* bin<->block macros */
  
  #define idx2binblock(ix)    ((unsigned)1 << (ix / BINBLOCKWIDTH))
  #define mark_binblock(ii)   (binblocks |= idx2binblock(ii))
  #define clear_binblock(ii)  (binblocks &= ~(idx2binblock(ii)))
  
  
  
  
  
  /*  Other static bookkeeping data */
  
  /* variables holding tunable values */
  
  static unsigned long trim_threshold   = DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD;
  static unsigned long top_pad          = DEFAULT_TOP_PAD;
  static unsigned int  n_mmaps_max      = DEFAULT_MMAP_MAX;
  static unsigned long mmap_threshold   = DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD;
  
  /* The first value returned from sbrk */
  static char* sbrk_base = (char*)(-1);
  
  /* The maximum memory obtained from system via sbrk */
  static unsigned long max_sbrked_mem = 0;
  
  /* The maximum via either sbrk or mmap */
  static unsigned long max_total_mem = 0;
  
  /* internal working copy of mallinfo */
  static struct mallinfo current_mallinfo = {  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
  /* The total memory obtained from system via sbrk */
  #define sbrked_mem  (current_mallinfo.arena)
  
  /* Tracking mmaps */
  
  static unsigned int n_mmaps = 0;
  static unsigned int max_n_mmaps = 0;
  static unsigned long mmapped_mem = 0;
  static unsigned long max_mmapped_mem = 0;
  
  
  
  /*
    Debugging support
  */
  
  #if DEBUG
  
  
  /*
    These routines make a number of assertions about the states
    of data structures that should be true at all times. If any
    are not true, it's very likely that a user program has somehow
    trashed memory. (It's also possible that there is a coding error
    in malloc. In which case, please report it!)
  */
  
  #if __STD_C
  static void do_check_chunk(mchunkptr p)
  #else
  static void do_check_chunk(p) mchunkptr p;
  #endif
  {
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz = p->size & ~PREV_INUSE;
  
    /* No checkable chunk is mmapped */
    assert(!chunk_is_mmapped(p));
  
    /* Check for legal address ... */
    assert((char*)p >= sbrk_base);
    if (p != top)
      assert((char*)p + sz <= (char*)top);
    else
      assert((char*)p + sz <= sbrk_base + sbrked_mem);
  
  }
  
  
  #if __STD_C
  static void do_check_free_chunk(mchunkptr p)
  #else
  static void do_check_free_chunk(p) mchunkptr p;
  #endif
  {
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz = p->size & ~PREV_INUSE;
    mchunkptr next = chunk_at_offset(p, sz);
  
    do_check_chunk(p);
  
    /* Check whether it claims to be free ... */
    assert(!inuse(p));
  
    /* Unless a special marker, must have OK fields */
    if ((long)sz >= (long)MINSIZE)
    {
      assert((sz & MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK) == 0);
      assert(aligned_OK(chunk2mem(p)));
      /* ... matching footer field */
      assert(next->prev_size == sz);
      /* ... and is fully consolidated */
      assert(prev_inuse(p));
      assert (next == top || inuse(next));
  
      /* ... and has minimally sane links */
      assert(p->fd->bk == p);
      assert(p->bk->fd == p);
    }
    else /* markers are always of size SIZE_SZ */
      assert(sz == SIZE_SZ);
  }
  
  #if __STD_C
  static void do_check_inuse_chunk(mchunkptr p)
  #else
  static void do_check_inuse_chunk(p) mchunkptr p;
  #endif
  {
    mchunkptr next = next_chunk(p);
    do_check_chunk(p);
  
    /* Check whether it claims to be in use ... */
    assert(inuse(p));
  
    /* ... and is surrounded by OK chunks.
      Since more things can be checked with free chunks than inuse ones,
      if an inuse chunk borders them and debug is on, it's worth doing them.
    */
    if (!prev_inuse(p))
    {
      mchunkptr prv = prev_chunk(p);
      assert(next_chunk(prv) == p);
      do_check_free_chunk(prv);
    }
    if (next == top)
    {
      assert(prev_inuse(next));
      assert(chunksize(next) >= MINSIZE);
    }
    else if (!inuse(next))
      do_check_free_chunk(next);
  
  }
  
  #if __STD_C
  static void do_check_malloced_chunk(mchunkptr p, INTERNAL_SIZE_T s)
  #else
  static void do_check_malloced_chunk(p, s) mchunkptr p; INTERNAL_SIZE_T s;
  #endif
  {
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz = p->size & ~PREV_INUSE;
    long room = sz - s;
  
    do_check_inuse_chunk(p);
  
    /* Legal size ... */
    assert((long)sz >= (long)MINSIZE);
    assert((sz & MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK) == 0);
    assert(room >= 0);
    assert(room < (long)MINSIZE);
  
    /* ... and alignment */
    assert(aligned_OK(chunk2mem(p)));
  
  
    /* ... and was allocated at front of an available chunk */
    assert(prev_inuse(p));
  
  }
  
  
  #define check_free_chunk(P)  do_check_free_chunk(P)
  #define check_inuse_chunk(P) do_check_inuse_chunk(P)
  #define check_chunk(P) do_check_chunk(P)
  #define check_malloced_chunk(P,N) do_check_malloced_chunk(P,N)
  #else
  #define check_free_chunk(P)
  #define check_inuse_chunk(P)
  #define check_chunk(P)
  #define check_malloced_chunk(P,N)
  #endif
  
  
  
  /*
    Macro-based internal utilities
  */
  
  
  /*
    Linking chunks in bin lists.
    Call these only with variables, not arbitrary expressions, as arguments.
  */
  
  /*
    Place chunk p of size s in its bin, in size order,
    putting it ahead of others of same size.
  */
  
  
  #define frontlink(P, S, IDX, BK, FD)                                          \
  {                                                                             \
    if (S < MAX_SMALLBIN_SIZE)                                                  \
    {                                                                           \
      IDX = smallbin_index(S);                                                  \
      mark_binblock(IDX);                                                       \
      BK = bin_at(IDX);                                                         \
      FD = BK->fd;                                                              \
      P->bk = BK;                                                               \
      P->fd = FD;                                                               \
      FD->bk = BK->fd = P;                                                      \
    }                                                                           \
    else                                                                        \
    {                                                                           \
      IDX = bin_index(S);                                                       \
      BK = bin_at(IDX);                                                         \
      FD = BK->fd;                                                              \
      if (FD == BK) mark_binblock(IDX);                                         \
      else                                                                      \
      {                                                                         \
        while (FD != BK && S < chunksize(FD)) FD = FD->fd;                      \
        BK = FD->bk;                                                            \
      }                                                                         \
      P->bk = BK;                                                               \
      P->fd = FD;                                                               \
      FD->bk = BK->fd = P;                                                      \
    }                                                                           \
  }
  
  
  /* take a chunk off a list */
  
  #define unlink(P, BK, FD)                                                     \
  {                                                                             \
    BK = P->bk;                                                                 \
    FD = P->fd;                                                                 \
    FD->bk = BK;                                                                \
    BK->fd = FD;                                                                \
  }                                                                             \
  
  /* Place p as the last remainder */
  
  #define link_last_remainder(P)                                                \
  {                                                                             \
    last_remainder->fd = last_remainder->bk =  P;                               \
    P->fd = P->bk = last_remainder;                                             \
  }
  
  /* Clear the last_remainder bin */
  
  #define clear_last_remainder \
    (last_remainder->fd = last_remainder->bk = last_remainder)

  
  
  
  /* Routines dealing with mmap(). */
  
  #if HAVE_MMAP
  
  #if __STD_C
  static mchunkptr mmap_chunk(size_t size)
  #else
  static mchunkptr mmap_chunk(size) size_t size;
  #endif
  {
    size_t page_mask = malloc_getpagesize - 1;
    mchunkptr p;
  
  #ifndef MAP_ANONYMOUS
    static int fd = -1;
  #endif
  
    if(n_mmaps >= n_mmaps_max) return 0; /* too many regions */
  
    /* For mmapped chunks, the overhead is one SIZE_SZ unit larger, because
     * there is no following chunk whose prev_size field could be used.
     */
    size = (size + SIZE_SZ + page_mask) & ~page_mask;
  
  #ifdef MAP_ANONYMOUS
    p = (mchunkptr)mmap(0, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
  		      MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  #else /* !MAP_ANONYMOUS */
    if (fd < 0)
    {
      fd = open("/dev/zero", O_RDWR);
      if(fd < 0) return 0;
    }
    p = (mchunkptr)mmap(0, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
  #endif
  
    if(p == (mchunkptr)-1) return 0;
  
    n_mmaps++;
    if (n_mmaps > max_n_mmaps) max_n_mmaps = n_mmaps;
  
    /* We demand that eight bytes into a page must be 8-byte aligned. */
    assert(aligned_OK(chunk2mem(p)));
  
    /* The offset to the start of the mmapped region is stored
     * in the prev_size field of the chunk; normally it is zero,
     * but that can be changed in memalign().
     */
    p->prev_size = 0;
    set_head(p, size|IS_MMAPPED);
  
    mmapped_mem += size;
    if ((unsigned long)mmapped_mem > (unsigned long)max_mmapped_mem)
      max_mmapped_mem = mmapped_mem;
    if ((unsigned long)(mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem) > (unsigned long)max_total_mem)
      max_total_mem = mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem;
    return p;
  }
  
  #if __STD_C
  static void munmap_chunk(mchunkptr p)
  #else
  static void munmap_chunk(p) mchunkptr p;
  #endif
  {
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T size = chunksize(p);
    int ret;
  
    assert (chunk_is_mmapped(p));
    assert(! ((char*)p >= sbrk_base && (char*)p < sbrk_base + sbrked_mem));
    assert((n_mmaps > 0));
    assert(((p->prev_size + size) & (malloc_getpagesize-1)) == 0);
  
    n_mmaps--;
    mmapped_mem -= (size + p->prev_size);
  
    ret = munmap((char *)p - p->prev_size, size + p->prev_size);
  
    /* munmap returns non-zero on failure */
    assert(ret == 0);
  }
  
  #if HAVE_MREMAP
  
  #if __STD_C
  static mchunkptr mremap_chunk(mchunkptr p, size_t new_size)
  #else
  static mchunkptr mremap_chunk(p, new_size) mchunkptr p; size_t new_size;
  #endif
  {
    size_t page_mask = malloc_getpagesize - 1;
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T offset = p->prev_size;
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T size = chunksize(p);
    char *cp;
  
    assert (chunk_is_mmapped(p));
    assert(! ((char*)p >= sbrk_base && (char*)p < sbrk_base + sbrked_mem));
    assert((n_mmaps > 0));
    assert(((size + offset) & (malloc_getpagesize-1)) == 0);
  
    /* Note the extra SIZE_SZ overhead as in mmap_chunk(). */
    new_size = (new_size + offset + SIZE_SZ + page_mask) & ~page_mask;
  
    cp = (char *)mremap((char *)p - offset, size + offset, new_size, 1);
  
    if (cp == (char *)-1) return 0;
  
    p = (mchunkptr)(cp + offset);
  
    assert(aligned_OK(chunk2mem(p)));
  
    assert((p->prev_size == offset));
    set_head(p, (new_size - offset)|IS_MMAPPED);
  
    mmapped_mem -= size + offset;
    mmapped_mem += new_size;
    if ((unsigned long)mmapped_mem > (unsigned long)max_mmapped_mem)
      max_mmapped_mem = mmapped_mem;
    if ((unsigned long)(mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem) > (unsigned long)max_total_mem)
      max_total_mem = mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem;
    return p;
  }
  
  #endif /* HAVE_MREMAP */
  
  #endif /* HAVE_MMAP */
  
  
  
  
  /*
    Extend the top-most chunk by obtaining memory from system.
    Main interface to sbrk (but see also malloc_trim).
  */
  
  #if __STD_C
  static void malloc_extend_top(INTERNAL_SIZE_T nb)
  #else
  static void malloc_extend_top(nb) INTERNAL_SIZE_T nb;
  #endif
  {
    char*     brk;                  /* return value from sbrk */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T front_misalign; /* unusable bytes at front of sbrked space */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T correction;     /* bytes for 2nd sbrk call */
    char*     new_brk;              /* return of 2nd sbrk call */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T top_size;       /* new size of top chunk */
  
    mchunkptr old_top     = top;  /* Record state of old top */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T old_top_size = chunksize(old_top);
    char*     old_end      = (char*)(chunk_at_offset(old_top, old_top_size));
  
    /* Pad request with top_pad plus minimal overhead */
  
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T    sbrk_size     = nb + top_pad + MINSIZE;
    unsigned long pagesz    = malloc_getpagesize;
  
    /* If not the first time through, round to preserve page boundary */
    /* Otherwise, we need to correct to a page size below anyway. */
    /* (We also correct below if an intervening foreign sbrk call.) */
  
    if (sbrk_base != (char*)(-1))
      sbrk_size = (sbrk_size + (pagesz - 1)) & ~(pagesz - 1);
  
    brk = (char*)(MORECORE (sbrk_size));
  
    /* Fail if sbrk failed or if a foreign sbrk call killed our space */
    if (brk == (char*)(MORECORE_FAILURE) ||
        (brk < old_end && old_top != initial_top))
      return;
  
    sbrked_mem += sbrk_size;
  
    if (brk == old_end) /* can just add bytes to current top */
    {
      top_size = sbrk_size + old_top_size;
      set_head(top, top_size | PREV_INUSE);
    }
    else
    {
      if (sbrk_base == (char*)(-1))  /* First time through. Record base */
        sbrk_base = brk;
      else  /* Someone else called sbrk().  Count those bytes as sbrked_mem. */
        sbrked_mem += brk - (char*)old_end;
  
      /* Guarantee alignment of first new chunk made from this space */
      front_misalign = (unsigned long)chunk2mem(brk) & MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK;
      if (front_misalign > 0)
      {
        correction = (MALLOC_ALIGNMENT) - front_misalign;
        brk += correction;
      }
      else
        correction = 0;
  
      /* Guarantee the next brk will be at a page boundary */
  
      correction += ((((unsigned long)(brk + sbrk_size))+(pagesz-1)) &

  		   ~(pagesz - 1)) - ((unsigned long)(brk + sbrk_size));

  
      /* Allocate correction */
      new_brk = (char*)(MORECORE (correction));
      if (new_brk == (char*)(MORECORE_FAILURE)) return;
  
      sbrked_mem += correction;
  
      top = (mchunkptr)brk;
      top_size = new_brk - brk + correction;
      set_head(top, top_size | PREV_INUSE);
  
      if (old_top != initial_top)
      {
  
        /* There must have been an intervening foreign sbrk call. */
        /* A double fencepost is necessary to prevent consolidation */
  
        /* If not enough space to do this, then user did something very wrong */
        if (old_top_size < MINSIZE)
        {

  	set_head(top, PREV_INUSE); /* will force null return from malloc */
  	return;

        }
  
        /* Also keep size a multiple of MALLOC_ALIGNMENT */
        old_top_size = (old_top_size - 3*SIZE_SZ) & ~MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK;
        set_head_size(old_top, old_top_size);
        chunk_at_offset(old_top, old_top_size          )->size =

  	SIZE_SZ|PREV_INUSE;

        chunk_at_offset(old_top, old_top_size + SIZE_SZ)->size =

  	SIZE_SZ|PREV_INUSE;

        /* If possible, release the rest. */
        if (old_top_size >= MINSIZE)

  	fREe(chunk2mem(old_top));

      }
    }
  
    if ((unsigned long)sbrked_mem > (unsigned long)max_sbrked_mem)
      max_sbrked_mem = sbrked_mem;
    if ((unsigned long)(mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem) > (unsigned long)max_total_mem)
      max_total_mem = mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem;
  
    /* We always land on a page boundary */
    assert(((unsigned long)((char*)top + top_size) & (pagesz - 1)) == 0);
  }
  
  
  
  
  /* Main public routines */
  
  
  /*
    Malloc Algorthim:
  
      The requested size is first converted into a usable form, `nb'.
      This currently means to add 4 bytes overhead plus possibly more to
      obtain 8-byte alignment and/or to obtain a size of at least
      MINSIZE (currently 16 bytes), the smallest allocatable size.
      (All fits are considered `exact' if they are within MINSIZE bytes.)
  
      From there, the first successful of the following steps is taken:
  
        1. The bin corresponding to the request size is scanned, and if

  	 a chunk of exactly the right size is found, it is taken.

  
        2. The most recently remaindered chunk is used if it is big

  	 enough.  This is a form of (roving) first fit, used only in
  	 the absence of exact fits. Runs of consecutive requests use
  	 the remainder of the chunk used for the previous such request
  	 whenever possible. This limited use of a first-fit style
  	 allocation strategy tends to give contiguous chunks
  	 coextensive lifetimes, which improves locality and can reduce
  	 fragmentation in the long run.

  
        3. Other bins are scanned in increasing size order, using a

  	 chunk big enough to fulfill the request, and splitting off
  	 any remainder.  This search is strictly by best-fit; i.e.,
  	 the smallest (with ties going to approximately the least
  	 recently used) chunk that fits is selected.

  
        4. If large enough, the chunk bordering the end of memory

  	 (`top') is split off. (This use of `top' is in accord with
  	 the best-fit search rule.  In effect, `top' is treated as
  	 larger (and thus less well fitting) than any other available
  	 chunk since it can be extended to be as large as necessary
  	 (up to system limitations).

  
        5. If the request size meets the mmap threshold and the

  	 system supports mmap, and there are few enough currently
  	 allocated mmapped regions, and a call to mmap succeeds,
  	 the request is allocated via direct memory mapping.

  
        6. Otherwise, the top of memory is extended by

  	 obtaining more space from the system (normally using sbrk,
  	 but definable to anything else via the MORECORE macro).
  	 Memory is gathered from the system (in system page-sized
  	 units) in a way that allows chunks obtained across different
  	 sbrk calls to be consolidated, but does not require
  	 contiguous memory. Thus, it should be safe to intersperse
  	 mallocs with other sbrk calls.

  
  
        All allocations are made from the the `lowest' part of any found
        chunk. (The implementation invariant is that prev_inuse is
        always true of any allocated chunk; i.e., that each allocated
        chunk borders either a previously allocated and still in-use chunk,
        or the base of its memory arena.)
  
  */
  
  #if __STD_C
  Void_t* mALLOc(size_t bytes)
  #else
  Void_t* mALLOc(bytes) size_t bytes;
  #endif
  {
    mchunkptr victim;                  /* inspected/selected chunk */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T victim_size;       /* its size */
    int       idx;                     /* index for bin traversal */
    mbinptr   bin;                     /* associated bin */
    mchunkptr remainder;               /* remainder from a split */
    long      remainder_size;          /* its size */
    int       remainder_index;         /* its bin index */
    unsigned long block;               /* block traverser bit */
    int       startidx;                /* first bin of a traversed block */
    mchunkptr fwd;                     /* misc temp for linking */
    mchunkptr bck;                     /* misc temp for linking */
    mbinptr q;                         /* misc temp */
  
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T nb;
  
    if ((long)bytes < 0) return 0;
  
    nb = request2size(bytes);  /* padded request size; */
  
    /* Check for exact match in a bin */
  
    if (is_small_request(nb))  /* Faster version for small requests */
    {
      idx = smallbin_index(nb);
  
      /* No traversal or size check necessary for small bins.  */
  
      q = bin_at(idx);
      victim = last(q);
  
      /* Also scan the next one, since it would have a remainder < MINSIZE */
      if (victim == q)
      {
        q = next_bin(q);
        victim = last(q);
      }
      if (victim != q)
      {
        victim_size = chunksize(victim);
        unlink(victim, bck, fwd);
        set_inuse_bit_at_offset(victim, victim_size);
        check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
        return chunk2mem(victim);
      }
  
      idx += 2; /* Set for bin scan below. We've already scanned 2 bins. */
  
    }
    else
    {
      idx = bin_index(nb);
      bin = bin_at(idx);
  
      for (victim = last(bin); victim != bin; victim = victim->bk)
      {
        victim_size = chunksize(victim);
        remainder_size = victim_size - nb;
  
        if (remainder_size >= (long)MINSIZE) /* too big */
        {

  	--idx; /* adjust to rescan below after checking last remainder */
  	break;

        }
  
        else if (remainder_size >= 0) /* exact fit */
        {

  	unlink(victim, bck, fwd);
  	set_inuse_bit_at_offset(victim, victim_size);
  	check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
  	return chunk2mem(victim);

        }
      }
  
      ++idx;
  
    }
  
    /* Try to use the last split-off remainder */
  
    if ( (victim = last_remainder->fd) != last_remainder)
    {
      victim_size = chunksize(victim);
      remainder_size = victim_size - nb;
  
      if (remainder_size >= (long)MINSIZE) /* re-split */
      {
        remainder = chunk_at_offset(victim, nb);
        set_head(victim, nb | PREV_INUSE);
        link_last_remainder(remainder);
        set_head(remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
        set_foot(remainder, remainder_size);
        check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
        return chunk2mem(victim);
      }
  
      clear_last_remainder;
  
      if (remainder_size >= 0)  /* exhaust */
      {
        set_inuse_bit_at_offset(victim, victim_size);
        check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
        return chunk2mem(victim);
      }
  
      /* Else place in bin */
  
      frontlink(victim, victim_size, remainder_index, bck, fwd);
    }
  
    /*
       If there are any possibly nonempty big-enough blocks,
       search for best fitting chunk by scanning bins in blockwidth units.
    */
  
    if ( (block = idx2binblock(idx)) <= binblocks)
    {
  
      /* Get to the first marked block */
  
      if ( (block & binblocks) == 0)
      {
        /* force to an even block boundary */
        idx = (idx & ~(BINBLOCKWIDTH - 1)) + BINBLOCKWIDTH;
        block <<= 1;
        while ((block & binblocks) == 0)
        {

  	idx += BINBLOCKWIDTH;
  	block <<= 1;

        }
      }
  
      /* For each possibly nonempty block ... */
      for (;;)
      {
        startidx = idx;          /* (track incomplete blocks) */
        q = bin = bin_at(idx);
  
        /* For each bin in this block ... */
        do
        {

  	/* Find and use first big enough chunk ... */
  
  	for (victim = last(bin); victim != bin; victim = victim->bk)
  	{
  	  victim_size = chunksize(victim);
  	  remainder_size = victim_size - nb;
  
  	  if (remainder_size >= (long)MINSIZE) /* split */
  	  {
  	    remainder = chunk_at_offset(victim, nb);
  	    set_head(victim, nb | PREV_INUSE);
  	    unlink(victim, bck, fwd);
  	    link_last_remainder(remainder);
  	    set_head(remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
  	    set_foot(remainder, remainder_size);
  	    check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
  	    return chunk2mem(victim);
  	  }
  
  	  else if (remainder_size >= 0)  /* take */
  	  {
  	    set_inuse_bit_at_offset(victim, victim_size);
  	    unlink(victim, bck, fwd);
  	    check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
  	    return chunk2mem(victim);
  	  }
  
  	}

  
         bin = next_bin(bin);
  
        } while ((++idx & (BINBLOCKWIDTH - 1)) != 0);
  
        /* Clear out the block bit. */
  
        do   /* Possibly backtrack to try to clear a partial block */
        {

  	if ((startidx & (BINBLOCKWIDTH - 1)) == 0)
  	{
  	  binblocks &= ~block;
  	  break;
  	}
  	--startidx;

         q = prev_bin(q);
        } while (first(q) == q);
  
        /* Get to the next possibly nonempty block */
  
        if ( (block <<= 1) <= binblocks && (block != 0) )
        {

  	while ((block & binblocks) == 0)
  	{
  	  idx += BINBLOCKWIDTH;
  	  block <<= 1;
  	}

        }
        else

  	break;

      }
    }
  
  
    /* Try to use top chunk */
  
    /* Require that there be a remainder, ensuring top always exists  */
    if ( (remainder_size = chunksize(top) - nb) < (long)MINSIZE)
    {
  
  #if HAVE_MMAP
      /* If big and would otherwise need to extend, try to use mmap instead */
      if ((unsigned long)nb >= (unsigned long)mmap_threshold &&

  	(victim = mmap_chunk(nb)) != 0)

        return chunk2mem(victim);
  #endif
  
      /* Try to extend */
      malloc_extend_top(nb);
      if ( (remainder_size = chunksize(top) - nb) < (long)MINSIZE)
        return 0; /* propagate failure */
    }
  
    victim = top;
    set_head(victim, nb | PREV_INUSE);
    top = chunk_at_offset(victim, nb);
    set_head(top, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
    check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
    return chunk2mem(victim);
  
  }
  
  
  
  
  /*
  
    free() algorithm :
  
      cases:
  
         1. free(0) has no effect.
  
         2. If the chunk was allocated via mmap, it is release via munmap().
  
         3. If a returned chunk borders the current high end of memory,

  	  it is consolidated into the top, and if the total unused
  	  topmost memory exceeds the trim threshold, malloc_trim is
  	  called.

  
         4. Other chunks are consolidated as they arrive, and

  	  placed in corresponding bins. (This includes the case of
  	  consolidating with the current `last_remainder').

  
  */
  
  
  #if __STD_C
  void fREe(Void_t* mem)
  #else
  void fREe(mem) Void_t* mem;
  #endif
  {
    mchunkptr p;         /* chunk corresponding to mem */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T hd;  /* its head field */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz;  /* its size */
    int       idx;       /* its bin index */
    mchunkptr next;      /* next contiguous chunk */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T nextsz; /* its size */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T prevsz; /* size of previous contiguous chunk */
    mchunkptr bck;       /* misc temp for linking */
    mchunkptr fwd;       /* misc temp for linking */
    int       islr;      /* track whether merging with last_remainder */
  
    if (mem == 0)                              /* free(0) has no effect */
      return;
  
    p = mem2chunk(mem);
    hd = p->size;
  
  #if HAVE_MMAP
    if (hd & IS_MMAPPED)                       /* release mmapped memory. */
    {
      munmap_chunk(p);
      return;
    }
  #endif
  
    check_inuse_chunk(p);
  
    sz = hd & ~PREV_INUSE;
    next = chunk_at_offset(p, sz);
    nextsz = chunksize(next);
  
    if (next == top)                            /* merge with top */
    {
      sz += nextsz;
  
      if (!(hd & PREV_INUSE))                    /* consolidate backward */
      {
        prevsz = p->prev_size;
        p = chunk_at_offset(p, -((long) prevsz));
        sz += prevsz;
        unlink(p, bck, fwd);
      }
  
      set_head(p, sz | PREV_INUSE);
      top = p;
      if ((unsigned long)(sz) >= (unsigned long)trim_threshold)
        malloc_trim(top_pad);
      return;
    }
  
    set_head(next, nextsz);                    /* clear inuse bit */
  
    islr = 0;
  
    if (!(hd & PREV_INUSE))                    /* consolidate backward */
    {
      prevsz = p->prev_size;
      p = chunk_at_offset(p, -((long) prevsz));
      sz += prevsz;
  
      if (p->fd == last_remainder)             /* keep as last_remainder */
        islr = 1;
      else
        unlink(p, bck, fwd);
    }
  
    if (!(inuse_bit_at_offset(next, nextsz)))   /* consolidate forward */
    {
      sz += nextsz;
  
      if (!islr && next->fd == last_remainder)  /* re-insert last_remainder */
      {
        islr = 1;
        link_last_remainder(p);
      }
      else
        unlink(next, bck, fwd);
    }
  
  
    set_head(p, sz | PREV_INUSE);
    set_foot(p, sz);
    if (!islr)
      frontlink(p, sz, idx, bck, fwd);
  }
  
  
  
  
  
  /*
  
    Realloc algorithm:
  
      Chunks that were obtained via mmap cannot be extended or shrunk
      unless HAVE_MREMAP is defined, in which case mremap is used.
      Otherwise, if their reallocation is for additional space, they are
      copied.  If for less, they are just left alone.
  
      Otherwise, if the reallocation is for additional space, and the
      chunk can be extended, it is, else a malloc-copy-free sequence is
      taken.  There are several different ways that a chunk could be
      extended. All are tried:
  
         * Extending forward into following adjacent free chunk.
         * Shifting backwards, joining preceding adjacent space
         * Both shifting backwards and extending forward.
         * Extending into newly sbrked space
  
      Unless the #define REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES is set, realloc with a
      size argument of zero (re)allocates a minimum-sized chunk.
  
      If the reallocation is for less space, and the new request is for
      a `small' (<512 bytes) size, then the newly unused space is lopped
      off and freed.
  
      The old unix realloc convention of allowing the last-free'd chunk
      to be used as an argument to realloc is no longer supported.
      I don't know of any programs still relying on this feature,
      and allowing it would also allow too many other incorrect
      usages of realloc to be sensible.
  
  
  */
  
  
  #if __STD_C
  Void_t* rEALLOc(Void_t* oldmem, size_t bytes)
  #else
  Void_t* rEALLOc(oldmem, bytes) Void_t* oldmem; size_t bytes;
  #endif
  {
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T    nb;      /* padded request size */
  
    mchunkptr oldp;             /* chunk corresponding to oldmem */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T    oldsize; /* its size */
  
    mchunkptr newp;             /* chunk to return */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T    newsize; /* its size */
    Void_t*   newmem;           /* corresponding user mem */
  
    mchunkptr next;             /* next contiguous chunk after oldp */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T  nextsize;  /* its size */
  
    mchunkptr prev;             /* previous contiguous chunk before oldp */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T  prevsize;  /* its size */
  
    mchunkptr remainder;        /* holds split off extra space from newp */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T  remainder_size;   /* its size */
  
    mchunkptr bck;              /* misc temp for linking */
    mchunkptr fwd;              /* misc temp for linking */
  
  #ifdef REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES
    if (bytes == 0) { fREe(oldmem); return 0; }
  #endif
  
    if ((long)bytes < 0) return 0;
  
    /* realloc of null is supposed to be same as malloc */
    if (oldmem == 0) return mALLOc(bytes);
  
    newp    = oldp    = mem2chunk(oldmem);
    newsize = oldsize = chunksize(oldp);
  
  
    nb = request2size(bytes);
  
  #if HAVE_MMAP
    if (chunk_is_mmapped(oldp))
    {
  #if HAVE_MREMAP
      newp = mremap_chunk(oldp, nb);
      if(newp) return chunk2mem(newp);
  #endif
      /* Note the extra SIZE_SZ overhead. */
      if(oldsize - SIZE_SZ >= nb) return oldmem; /* do nothing */
      /* Must alloc, copy, free. */
      newmem = mALLOc(bytes);
      if (newmem == 0) return 0; /* propagate failure */
      MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - 2*SIZE_SZ);
      munmap_chunk(oldp);
      return newmem;
    }
  #endif
  
    check_inuse_chunk(oldp);
  
    if ((long)(oldsize) < (long)(nb))
    {
  
      /* Try expanding forward */
  
      next = chunk_at_offset(oldp, oldsize);
      if (next == top || !inuse(next))
      {
        nextsize = chunksize(next);
  
        /* Forward into top only if a remainder */
        if (next == top)
        {

  	if ((long)(nextsize + newsize) >= (long)(nb + MINSIZE))
  	{
  	  newsize += nextsize;
  	  top = chunk_at_offset(oldp, nb);
  	  set_head(top, (newsize - nb) | PREV_INUSE);
  	  set_head_size(oldp, nb);
  	  return chunk2mem(oldp);
  	}

        }
  
        /* Forward into next chunk */
        else if (((long)(nextsize + newsize) >= (long)(nb)))
        {

  	unlink(next, bck, fwd);
  	newsize  += nextsize;
  	goto split;

        }
      }
      else
      {
        next = 0;
        nextsize = 0;
      }
  
      /* Try shifting backwards. */
  
      if (!prev_inuse(oldp))
      {
        prev = prev_chunk(oldp);
        prevsize = chunksize(prev);
  
        /* try forward + backward first to save a later consolidation */
  
        if (next != 0)
        {

  	/* into top */
  	if (next == top)
  	{
  	  if ((long)(nextsize + prevsize + newsize) >= (long)(nb + MINSIZE))
  	  {
  	    unlink(prev, bck, fwd);
  	    newp = prev;
  	    newsize += prevsize + nextsize;
  	    newmem = chunk2mem(newp);
  	    MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - SIZE_SZ);
  	    top = chunk_at_offset(newp, nb);
  	    set_head(top, (newsize - nb) | PREV_INUSE);
  	    set_head_size(newp, nb);
  	    return newmem;
  	  }
  	}
  
  	/* into next chunk */
  	else if (((long)(nextsize + prevsize + newsize) >= (long)(nb)))
  	{
  	  unlink(next, bck, fwd);
  	  unlink(prev, bck, fwd);
  	  newp = prev;
  	  newsize += nextsize + prevsize;
  	  newmem = chunk2mem(newp);
  	  MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - SIZE_SZ);
  	  goto split;
  	}

        }
  
        /* backward only */
        if (prev != 0 && (long)(prevsize + newsize) >= (long)nb)
        {

  	unlink(prev, bck, fwd);
  	newp = prev;
  	newsize += prevsize;
  	newmem = chunk2mem(newp);
  	MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - SIZE_SZ);
  	goto split;

        }
      }
  
      /* Must allocate */
  
      newmem = mALLOc (bytes);
  
      if (newmem == 0)  /* propagate failure */
        return 0;
  
      /* Avoid copy if newp is next chunk after oldp. */
      /* (This can only happen when new chunk is sbrk'ed.) */
  
      if ( (newp = mem2chunk(newmem)) == next_chunk(oldp))
      {
        newsize += chunksize(newp);
        newp = oldp;
        goto split;
      }
  
      /* Otherwise copy, free, and exit */
      MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - SIZE_SZ);
      fREe(oldmem);
      return newmem;
    }
  
  
   split:  /* split off extra room in old or expanded chunk */
  
    if (newsize - nb >= MINSIZE) /* split off remainder */
    {
      remainder = chunk_at_offset(newp, nb);
      remainder_size = newsize - nb;
      set_head_size(newp, nb);
      set_head(remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
      set_inuse_bit_at_offset(remainder, remainder_size);
      fREe(chunk2mem(remainder)); /* let free() deal with it */
    }
    else
    {
      set_head_size(newp, newsize);
      set_inuse_bit_at_offset(newp, newsize);
    }
  
    check_inuse_chunk(newp);
    return chunk2mem(newp);
  }
  
  
  
  
  /*
  
    memalign algorithm:
  
      memalign requests more than enough space from malloc, finds a spot
      within that chunk that meets the alignment request, and then
      possibly frees the leading and trailing space.
  
      The alignment argument must be a power of two. This property is not
      checked by memalign, so misuse may result in random runtime errors.
  
      8-byte alignment is guaranteed by normal malloc calls, so don't
      bother calling memalign with an argument of 8 or less.
  
      Overreliance on memalign is a sure way to fragment space.
  
  */
  
  
  #if __STD_C
  Void_t* mEMALIGn(size_t alignment, size_t bytes)
  #else
  Void_t* mEMALIGn(alignment, bytes) size_t alignment; size_t bytes;
  #endif
  {
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T    nb;      /* padded  request size */
    char*     m;                /* memory returned by malloc call */
    mchunkptr p;                /* corresponding chunk */
    char*     brk;              /* alignment point within p */
    mchunkptr newp;             /* chunk to return */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T  newsize;   /* its size */
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T  leadsize;  /* leading space befor alignment point */
    mchunkptr remainder;        /* spare room at end to split off */
    long      remainder_size;   /* its size */
  
    if ((long)bytes < 0) return 0;
  
    /* If need less alignment than we give anyway, just relay to malloc */
  
    if (alignment <= MALLOC_ALIGNMENT) return mALLOc(bytes);
  
    /* Otherwise, ensure that it is at least a minimum chunk size */
  
    if (alignment <  MINSIZE) alignment = MINSIZE;
  
    /* Call malloc with worst case padding to hit alignment. */
  
    nb = request2size(bytes);
    m  = (char*)(mALLOc(nb + alignment + MINSIZE));
  
    if (m == 0) return 0; /* propagate failure */
  
    p = mem2chunk(m);
  
    if ((((unsigned long)(m)) % alignment) == 0) /* aligned */
    {
  #if HAVE_MMAP
      if(chunk_is_mmapped(p))
        return chunk2mem(p); /* nothing more to do */
  #endif
    }
    else /* misaligned */
    {
      /*
        Find an aligned spot inside chunk.
        Since we need to give back leading space in a chunk of at
        least MINSIZE, if the first calculation places us at
        a spot with less than MINSIZE leader, we can move to the
        next aligned spot -- we've allocated enough total room so that
        this is always possible.
      */
  
      brk = (char*)mem2chunk(((unsigned long)(m + alignment - 1)) & -((signed) alignment));
      if ((long)(brk - (char*)(p)) < MINSIZE) brk = brk + alignment;
  
      newp = (mchunkptr)brk;
      leadsize = brk - (char*)(p);
      newsize = chunksize(p) - leadsize;
  
  #if HAVE_MMAP
      if(chunk_is_mmapped(p))
      {
        newp->prev_size = p->prev_size + leadsize;
        set_head(newp, newsize|IS_MMAPPED);
        return chunk2mem(newp);
      }
  #endif
  
      /* give back leader, use the rest */
  
      set_head(newp, newsize | PREV_INUSE);
      set_inuse_bit_at_offset(newp, newsize);
      set_head_size(p, leadsize);
      fREe(chunk2mem(p));
      p = newp;
  
      assert (newsize >= nb && (((unsigned long)(chunk2mem(p))) % alignment) == 0);
    }
  
    /* Also give back spare room at the end */
  
    remainder_size = chunksize(p) - nb;
  
    if (remainder_size >= (long)MINSIZE)
    {
      remainder = chunk_at_offset(p, nb);
      set_head(remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
      set_head_size(p, nb);
      fREe(chunk2mem(remainder));
    }
  
    check_inuse_chunk(p);
    return chunk2mem(p);
  
  }
  
  
  
  
  /*
      valloc just invokes memalign with alignment argument equal
      to the page size of the system (or as near to this as can
      be figured out from all the includes/defines above.)
  */
  
  #if __STD_C
  Void_t* vALLOc(size_t bytes)
  #else
  Void_t* vALLOc(bytes) size_t bytes;
  #endif
  {
    return mEMALIGn (malloc_getpagesize, bytes);
  }
  
  /*
    pvalloc just invokes valloc for the nearest pagesize
    that will accommodate request
  */
  
  
  #if __STD_C
  Void_t* pvALLOc(size_t bytes)
  #else
  Void_t* pvALLOc(bytes) size_t bytes;
  #endif
  {
    size_t pagesize = malloc_getpagesize;
    return mEMALIGn (pagesize, (bytes + pagesize - 1) & ~(pagesize - 1));
  }
  
  /*
  
    calloc calls malloc, then zeroes out the allocated chunk.
  
  */
  
  #if __STD_C
  Void_t* cALLOc(size_t n, size_t elem_size)
  #else
  Void_t* cALLOc(n, elem_size) size_t n; size_t elem_size;
  #endif
  {
    mchunkptr p;
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T csz;
  
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz = n * elem_size;
  
  
    /* check if expand_top called, in which case don't need to clear */
  #if MORECORE_CLEARS
    mchunkptr oldtop = top;
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T oldtopsize = chunksize(top);
  #endif
    Void_t* mem = mALLOc (sz);
  
    if ((long)n < 0) return 0;
  
    if (mem == 0)
      return 0;
    else
    {
      p = mem2chunk(mem);
  
      /* Two optional cases in which clearing not necessary */
  
  
  #if HAVE_MMAP
      if (chunk_is_mmapped(p)) return mem;
  #endif
  
      csz = chunksize(p);
  
  #if MORECORE_CLEARS
      if (p == oldtop && csz > oldtopsize)
      {
        /* clear only the bytes from non-freshly-sbrked memory */
        csz = oldtopsize;
      }
  #endif
  
      MALLOC_ZERO(mem, csz - SIZE_SZ);
      return mem;
    }
  }
  
  /*
  
    cfree just calls free. It is needed/defined on some systems
    that pair it with calloc, presumably for odd historical reasons.
  
  */
  
  #if !defined(INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB) || !defined(__ELF__)
  #if __STD_C
  void cfree(Void_t *mem)
  #else
  void cfree(mem) Void_t *mem;
  #endif
  {
    fREe(mem);
  }
  #endif
  
  
  
  /*
  
      Malloc_trim gives memory back to the system (via negative
      arguments to sbrk) if there is unused memory at the `high' end of
      the malloc pool. You can call this after freeing large blocks of
      memory to potentially reduce the system-level memory requirements
      of a program. However, it cannot guarantee to reduce memory. Under
      some allocation patterns, some large free blocks of memory will be
      locked between two used chunks, so they cannot be given back to
      the system.
  
      The `pad' argument to malloc_trim represents the amount of free
      trailing space to leave untrimmed. If this argument is zero,
      only the minimum amount of memory to maintain internal data
      structures will be left (one page or less). Non-zero arguments
      can be supplied to maintain enough trailing space to service
      future expected allocations without having to re-obtain memory
      from the system.
  
      Malloc_trim returns 1 if it actually released any memory, else 0.
  
  */
  
  #if __STD_C
  int malloc_trim(size_t pad)
  #else
  int malloc_trim(pad) size_t pad;
  #endif
  {
    long  top_size;        /* Amount of top-most memory */
    long  extra;           /* Amount to release */
    char* current_brk;     /* address returned by pre-check sbrk call */
    char* new_brk;         /* address returned by negative sbrk call */
  
    unsigned long pagesz = malloc_getpagesize;
  
    top_size = chunksize(top);
    extra = ((top_size - pad - MINSIZE + (pagesz-1)) / pagesz - 1) * pagesz;
  
    if (extra < (long)pagesz)  /* Not enough memory to release */
      return 0;
  
    else
    {
      /* Test to make sure no one else called sbrk */
      current_brk = (char*)(MORECORE (0));
      if (current_brk != (char*)(top) + top_size)
        return 0;     /* Apparently we don't own memory; must fail */
  
      else
      {
        new_brk = (char*)(MORECORE (-extra));
  
        if (new_brk == (char*)(MORECORE_FAILURE)) /* sbrk failed? */
        {

  	/* Try to figure out what we have */
  	current_brk = (char*)(MORECORE (0));
  	top_size = current_brk - (char*)top;
  	if (top_size >= (long)MINSIZE) /* if not, we are very very dead! */
  	{
  	  sbrked_mem = current_brk - sbrk_base;
  	  set_head(top, top_size | PREV_INUSE);
  	}
  	check_chunk(top);
  	return 0;

        }
  
        else
        {

  	/* Success. Adjust top accordingly. */
  	set_head(top, (top_size - extra) | PREV_INUSE);
  	sbrked_mem -= extra;
  	check_chunk(top);
  	return 1;

        }
      }
    }
  }
  
  
  
  /*
    malloc_usable_size:
  
      This routine tells you how many bytes you can actually use in an
      allocated chunk, which may be more than you requested (although
      often not). You can use this many bytes without worrying about
      overwriting other allocated objects. Not a particularly great
      programming practice, but still sometimes useful.
  
  */
  
  #if __STD_C
  size_t malloc_usable_size(Void_t* mem)
  #else
  size_t malloc_usable_size(mem) Void_t* mem;
  #endif
  {
    mchunkptr p;
    if (mem == 0)
      return 0;
    else
    {
      p = mem2chunk(mem);
      if(!chunk_is_mmapped(p))
      {
        if (!inuse(p)) return 0;
        check_inuse_chunk(p);
        return chunksize(p) - SIZE_SZ;
      }
      return chunksize(p) - 2*SIZE_SZ;
    }
  }
  
  
  
  
  /* Utility to update current_mallinfo for malloc_stats and mallinfo() */
  
  static void malloc_update_mallinfo()
  {
    int i;
    mbinptr b;
    mchunkptr p;
  #if DEBUG
    mchunkptr q;
  #endif
  
    INTERNAL_SIZE_T avail = chunksize(top);
    int   navail = ((long)(avail) >= (long)MINSIZE)? 1 : 0;
  
    for (i = 1; i < NAV; ++i)
    {
      b = bin_at(i);
      for (p = last(b); p != b; p = p->bk)
      {
  #if DEBUG
        check_free_chunk(p);
        for (q = next_chunk(p);

  	   q < top && inuse(q) && (long)(chunksize(q)) >= (long)MINSIZE;
  	   q = next_chunk(q))
  	check_inuse_chunk(q);

  #endif
        avail += chunksize(p);
        navail++;
      }
    }
  
    current_mallinfo.ordblks = navail;
    current_mallinfo.uordblks = sbrked_mem - avail;
    current_mallinfo.fordblks = avail;
    current_mallinfo.hblks = n_mmaps;
    current_mallinfo.hblkhd = mmapped_mem;
    current_mallinfo.keepcost = chunksize(top);
  
  }
  
  
  
  /*
  
    malloc_stats:
  
      Prints on stderr the amount of space obtain from the system (both
      via sbrk and mmap), the maximum amount (which may be more than
      current if malloc_trim and/or munmap got called), the maximum
      number of simultaneous mmap regions used, and the current number
      of bytes allocated via malloc (or realloc, etc) but not yet
      freed. (Note that this is the number of bytes allocated, not the
      number requested. It will be larger than the number requested
      because of alignment and bookkeeping overhead.)
  
  */
  
  void malloc_stats()
  {
    malloc_update_mallinfo();
    fprintf(stderr, "max system bytes = %10u
  ",

  	  (unsigned int)(max_total_mem));

    fprintf(stderr, "system bytes     = %10u
  ",

  	  (unsigned int)(sbrked_mem + mmapped_mem));

    fprintf(stderr, "in use bytes     = %10u
  ",

  	  (unsigned int)(current_mallinfo.uordblks + mmapped_mem));

  #if HAVE_MMAP
    fprintf(stderr, "max mmap regions = %10u
  ",

  	  (unsigned int)max_n_mmaps);

  #endif
  }
  
  /*
    mallinfo returns a copy of updated current mallinfo.
  */
  
  struct mallinfo mALLINFo()
  {
    malloc_update_mallinfo();
    return current_mallinfo;
  }
  
  
  
  
  /*
    mallopt:
  
      mallopt is the general SVID/XPG interface to tunable parameters.
      The format is to provide a (parameter-number, parameter-value) pair.
      mallopt then sets the corresponding parameter to the argument
      value if it can (i.e., so long as the value is meaningful),
      and returns 1 if successful else 0.
  
      See descriptions of tunable parameters above.
  
  */
  
  #if __STD_C
  int mALLOPt(int param_number, int value)
  #else
  int mALLOPt(param_number, value) int param_number; int value;
  #endif
  {
    switch(param_number)
    {
      case M_TRIM_THRESHOLD:
        trim_threshold = value; return 1;
      case M_TOP_PAD:
        top_pad = value; return 1;
      case M_MMAP_THRESHOLD:
        mmap_threshold = value; return 1;
      case M_MMAP_MAX:
  #if HAVE_MMAP
        n_mmaps_max = value; return 1;
  #else
        if (value != 0) return 0; else  n_mmaps_max = value; return 1;
  #endif
  
      default:
        return 0;
    }
  }
  
  /*
  
  History:
  
      V2.6.6 Sun Dec  5 07:42:19 1999  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
        * return null for negative arguments
        * Added Several WIN32 cleanups from Martin C. Fong <mcfong@yahoo.com>

  	 * Add 'LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H' for those systems without 'sys/param.h'
  	  (e.g. WIN32 platforms)
  	 * Cleanup up header file inclusion for WIN32 platforms
  	 * Cleanup code to avoid Microsoft Visual C++ compiler complaints
  	 * Add 'USE_DL_PREFIX' to quickly allow co-existence with existing
  	   memory allocation routines
  	 * Set 'malloc_getpagesize' for WIN32 platforms (needs more work)
  	 * Use 'assert' rather than 'ASSERT' in WIN32 code to conform to

  	   usage of 'assert' in non-WIN32 code

  	 * Improve WIN32 'sbrk()' emulation's 'findRegion()' routine to
  	   avoid infinite loop

        * Always call 'fREe()' rather than 'free()'
  
      V2.6.5 Wed Jun 17 15:57:31 1998  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
        * Fixed ordering problem with boundary-stamping
  
      V2.6.3 Sun May 19 08:17:58 1996  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
        * Added pvalloc, as recommended by H.J. Liu
        * Added 64bit pointer support mainly from Wolfram Gloger
        * Added anonymously donated WIN32 sbrk emulation
        * Malloc, calloc, getpagesize: add optimizations from Raymond Nijssen
        * malloc_extend_top: fix mask error that caused wastage after

  	foreign sbrks

        * Add linux mremap support code from HJ Liu
  
      V2.6.2 Tue Dec  5 06:52:55 1995  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
        * Integrated most documentation with the code.
        * Add support for mmap, with help from

  	Wolfram Gloger (Gloger@lrz.uni-muenchen.de).

        * Use last_remainder in more cases.
        * Pack bins using idea from  colin@nyx10.cs.du.edu
        * Use ordered bins instead of best-fit threshhold
        * Eliminate block-local decls to simplify tracing and debugging.
        * Support another case of realloc via move into top
        * Fix error occuring when initial sbrk_base not word-aligned.
        * Rely on page size for units instead of SBRK_UNIT to

  	avoid surprises about sbrk alignment conventions.

        * Add mallinfo, mallopt. Thanks to Raymond Nijssen

  	(raymond@es.ele.tue.nl) for the suggestion.

        * Add `pad' argument to malloc_trim and top_pad mallopt parameter.
        * More precautions for cases where other routines call sbrk,

  	courtesy of Wolfram Gloger (Gloger@lrz.uni-muenchen.de).

        * Added macros etc., allowing use in linux libc from

  	H.J. Lu (hjl@gnu.ai.mit.edu)

        * Inverted this history list
  
      V2.6.1 Sat Dec  2 14:10:57 1995  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
        * Re-tuned and fixed to behave more nicely with V2.6.0 changes.
        * Removed all preallocation code since under current scheme

  	the work required to undo bad preallocations exceeds
  	the work saved in good cases for most test programs.

        * No longer use return list or unconsolidated bins since

  	no scheme using them consistently outperforms those that don't
  	given above changes.

        * Use best fit for very large chunks to prevent some worst-cases.
        * Added some support for debugging
  
      V2.6.0 Sat Nov  4 07:05:23 1995  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
        * Removed footers when chunks are in use. Thanks to

  	Paul Wilson (wilson@cs.texas.edu) for the suggestion.

  
      V2.5.4 Wed Nov  1 07:54:51 1995  Doug Lea  (dl at gee)
        * Added malloc_trim, with help from Wolfram Gloger

  	(wmglo@Dent.MED.Uni-Muenchen.DE).

  
      V2.5.3 Tue Apr 26 10:16:01 1994  Doug Lea  (dl at g)
  
      V2.5.2 Tue Apr  5 16:20:40 1994  Doug Lea  (dl at g)
        * realloc: try to expand in both directions
        * malloc: swap order of clean-bin strategy;
        * realloc: only conditionally expand backwards
        * Try not to scavenge used bins
        * Use bin counts as a guide to preallocation
        * Occasionally bin return list chunks in first scan
        * Add a few optimizations from colin@nyx10.cs.du.edu
  
      V2.5.1 Sat Aug 14 15:40:43 1993  Doug Lea  (dl at g)
        * faster bin computation & slightly different binning
        * merged all consolidations to one part of malloc proper

  	 (eliminating old malloc_find_space & malloc_clean_bin)

        * Scan 2 returns chunks (not just 1)
        * Propagate failure in realloc if malloc returns 0
        * Add stuff to allow compilation on non-ANSI compilers

  	  from kpv@research.att.com

  
      V2.5 Sat Aug  7 07:41:59 1993  Doug Lea  (dl at g.oswego.edu)
        * removed potential for odd address access in prev_chunk
        * removed dependency on getpagesize.h
        * misc cosmetics and a bit more internal documentation
        * anticosmetics: mangled names in macros to evade debugger strangeness
        * tested on sparc, hp-700, dec-mips, rs6000

  	  with gcc & native cc (hp, dec only) allowing
  	  Detlefs & Zorn comparison study (in SIGPLAN Notices.)

  
      Trial version Fri Aug 28 13:14:29 1992  Doug Lea  (dl at g.oswego.edu)
        * Based loosely on libg++-1.2X malloc. (It retains some of the overall

  	 structure of old version,  but most details differ.)

  
  */