/*
   *	linux/mm/filemap.c
   *
   * Copyright (C) 1994-1999  Linus Torvalds
   */
  
  /*
   * This file handles the generic file mmap semantics used by
   * most "normal" filesystems (but you don't /have/ to use this:
   * the NFS filesystem used to do this differently, for example)
   */

  #include <linux/export.h>

  #include <linux/compiler.h>
  #include <linux/fs.h>

  #include <linux/uaccess.h>

  #include <linux/aio.h>

  #include <linux/capability.h>

  #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>

  #include <linux/gfp.h>

  #include <linux/mm.h>
  #include <linux/swap.h>
  #include <linux/mman.h>
  #include <linux/pagemap.h>
  #include <linux/file.h>
  #include <linux/uio.h>
  #include <linux/hash.h>
  #include <linux/writeback.h>

  #include <linux/backing-dev.h>

  #include <linux/pagevec.h>
  #include <linux/blkdev.h>
  #include <linux/security.h>

  #include <linux/cpuset.h>

  #include <linux/hardirq.h> /* for BUG_ON(!in_atomic()) only */

  #include <linux/memcontrol.h>

  #include <linux/cleancache.h>

  #include "internal.h"

  #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
  #include <trace/events/filemap.h>

  /*

   * FIXME: remove all knowledge of the buffer layer from the core VM
   */

  #include <linux/buffer_head.h> /* for try_to_free_buffers */

  #include <asm/mman.h>
  
  /*
   * Shared mappings implemented 30.11.1994. It's not fully working yet,
   * though.
   *
   * Shared mappings now work. 15.8.1995  Bruno.
   *
   * finished 'unifying' the page and buffer cache and SMP-threaded the
   * page-cache, 21.05.1999, Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
   *
   * SMP-threaded pagemap-LRU 1999, Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
   */
  
  /*
   * Lock ordering:
   *

   *  ->i_mmap_mutex		(truncate_pagecache)

   *    ->private_lock		(__free_pte->__set_page_dirty_buffers)

   *      ->swap_lock		(exclusive_swap_page, others)
   *        ->mapping->tree_lock

   *

   *  ->i_mutex

   *    ->i_mmap_mutex		(truncate->unmap_mapping_range)

   *
   *  ->mmap_sem

   *    ->i_mmap_mutex

   *      ->page_table_lock or pte_lock	(various, mainly in memory.c)

   *        ->mapping->tree_lock	(arch-dependent flush_dcache_mmap_lock)
   *
   *  ->mmap_sem
   *    ->lock_page		(access_process_vm)
   *

   *  ->i_mutex			(generic_file_buffered_write)
   *    ->mmap_sem		(fault_in_pages_readable->do_page_fault)

   *

   *  bdi->wb.list_lock

   *    sb_lock			(fs/fs-writeback.c)

   *    ->mapping->tree_lock	(__sync_single_inode)
   *

   *  ->i_mmap_mutex

   *    ->anon_vma.lock		(vma_adjust)
   *
   *  ->anon_vma.lock

   *    ->page_table_lock or pte_lock	(anon_vma_prepare and various)

   *

   *  ->page_table_lock or pte_lock

   *    ->swap_lock		(try_to_unmap_one)

   *    ->private_lock		(try_to_unmap_one)
   *    ->tree_lock		(try_to_unmap_one)
   *    ->zone.lru_lock		(follow_page->mark_page_accessed)

   *    ->zone.lru_lock		(check_pte_range->isolate_lru_page)

   *    ->private_lock		(page_remove_rmap->set_page_dirty)
   *    ->tree_lock		(page_remove_rmap->set_page_dirty)

   *    bdi.wb->list_lock		(page_remove_rmap->set_page_dirty)

   *    ->inode->i_lock		(page_remove_rmap->set_page_dirty)

   *    bdi.wb->list_lock		(zap_pte_range->set_page_dirty)

   *    ->inode->i_lock		(zap_pte_range->set_page_dirty)

   *    ->private_lock		(zap_pte_range->__set_page_dirty_buffers)
   *

   * ->i_mmap_mutex
   *   ->tasklist_lock            (memory_failure, collect_procs_ao)

   */
  
  /*

   * Delete a page from the page cache and free it. Caller has to make

   * sure the page is locked and that nobody else uses it - or that usage

   * is safe.  The caller must hold the mapping's tree_lock.

   */

  void __delete_from_page_cache(struct page *page)

  {
  	struct address_space *mapping = page->mapping;

  	trace_mm_filemap_delete_from_page_cache(page);

  	/*
  	 * if we're uptodate, flush out into the cleancache, otherwise
  	 * invalidate any existing cleancache entries.  We can't leave
  	 * stale data around in the cleancache once our page is gone
  	 */
  	if (PageUptodate(page) && PageMappedToDisk(page))
  		cleancache_put_page(page);
  	else

  		cleancache_invalidate_page(mapping, page);

  	radix_tree_delete(&mapping->page_tree, page->index);
  	page->mapping = NULL;

  	/* Leave page->index set: truncation lookup relies upon it */

  	mapping->nrpages--;

  	__dec_zone_page_state(page, NR_FILE_PAGES);

  	if (PageSwapBacked(page))
  		__dec_zone_page_state(page, NR_SHMEM);

  	BUG_ON(page_mapped(page));

  
  	/*
  	 * Some filesystems seem to re-dirty the page even after
  	 * the VM has canceled the dirty bit (eg ext3 journaling).
  	 *
  	 * Fix it up by doing a final dirty accounting check after
  	 * having removed the page entirely.
  	 */
  	if (PageDirty(page) && mapping_cap_account_dirty(mapping)) {
  		dec_zone_page_state(page, NR_FILE_DIRTY);
  		dec_bdi_stat(mapping->backing_dev_info, BDI_RECLAIMABLE);
  	}

  }

  /**
   * delete_from_page_cache - delete page from page cache
   * @page: the page which the kernel is trying to remove from page cache
   *
   * This must be called only on pages that have been verified to be in the page
   * cache and locked.  It will never put the page into the free list, the caller
   * has a reference on the page.
   */
  void delete_from_page_cache(struct page *page)

  {
  	struct address_space *mapping = page->mapping;

  	void (*freepage)(struct page *);

  	BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));

  	freepage = mapping->a_ops->freepage;

  	spin_lock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);

  	__delete_from_page_cache(page);

  	spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);

  	mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page(page);

  
  	if (freepage)
  		freepage(page);

  	page_cache_release(page);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(delete_from_page_cache);

  static int sleep_on_page(void *word)

  {

  	io_schedule();
  	return 0;
  }

  static int sleep_on_page_killable(void *word)

  {

  	sleep_on_page(word);

  	return fatal_signal_pending(current) ? -EINTR : 0;
  }

  static int filemap_check_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
  {
  	int ret = 0;
  	/* Check for outstanding write errors */

  	if (test_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags) &&
  	    test_and_clear_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags))

  		ret = -ENOSPC;

  	if (test_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags) &&
  	    test_and_clear_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags))

  		ret = -EIO;
  	return ret;
  }

  /**

   * __filemap_fdatawrite_range - start writeback on mapping dirty pages in range

   * @mapping:	address space structure to write
   * @start:	offset in bytes where the range starts

   * @end:	offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)

   * @sync_mode:	enable synchronous operation

   *

   * Start writeback against all of a mapping's dirty pages that lie
   * within the byte offsets <start, end> inclusive.
   *

   * If sync_mode is WB_SYNC_ALL then this is a "data integrity" operation, as

   * opposed to a regular memory cleansing writeback.  The difference between

   * these two operations is that if a dirty page/buffer is encountered, it must
   * be waited upon, and not just skipped over.
   */

  int __filemap_fdatawrite_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start,
  				loff_t end, int sync_mode)

  {
  	int ret;
  	struct writeback_control wbc = {
  		.sync_mode = sync_mode,

  		.nr_to_write = LONG_MAX,

  		.range_start = start,
  		.range_end = end,

  	};
  
  	if (!mapping_cap_writeback_dirty(mapping))
  		return 0;
  
  	ret = do_writepages(mapping, &wbc);
  	return ret;
  }
  
  static inline int __filemap_fdatawrite(struct address_space *mapping,
  	int sync_mode)
  {

  	return __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, 0, LLONG_MAX, sync_mode);

  }
  
  int filemap_fdatawrite(struct address_space *mapping)
  {
  	return __filemap_fdatawrite(mapping, WB_SYNC_ALL);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawrite);

  int filemap_fdatawrite_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start,

  				loff_t end)

  {
  	return __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, start, end, WB_SYNC_ALL);
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawrite_range);

  /**
   * filemap_flush - mostly a non-blocking flush
   * @mapping:	target address_space
   *

   * This is a mostly non-blocking flush.  Not suitable for data-integrity
   * purposes - I/O may not be started against all dirty pages.
   */
  int filemap_flush(struct address_space *mapping)
  {
  	return __filemap_fdatawrite(mapping, WB_SYNC_NONE);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_flush);

  /**

   * filemap_fdatawait_range - wait for writeback to complete
   * @mapping:		address space structure to wait for
   * @start_byte:		offset in bytes where the range starts
   * @end_byte:		offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)

   *

   * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the given address space
   * in the given range and wait for all of them.

   */

  int filemap_fdatawait_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start_byte,
  			    loff_t end_byte)

  {

  	pgoff_t index = start_byte >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;
  	pgoff_t end = end_byte >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;

  	struct pagevec pvec;
  	int nr_pages;

  	int ret2, ret = 0;

  	if (end_byte < start_byte)

  		goto out;

  
  	pagevec_init(&pvec, 0);

  	while ((index <= end) &&
  			(nr_pages = pagevec_lookup_tag(&pvec, mapping, &index,
  			PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK,
  			min(end - index, (pgoff_t)PAGEVEC_SIZE-1) + 1)) != 0) {
  		unsigned i;
  
  		for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) {
  			struct page *page = pvec.pages[i];
  
  			/* until radix tree lookup accepts end_index */
  			if (page->index > end)
  				continue;
  
  			wait_on_page_writeback(page);

  			if (TestClearPageError(page))

  				ret = -EIO;
  		}
  		pagevec_release(&pvec);
  		cond_resched();
  	}

  out:
  	ret2 = filemap_check_errors(mapping);
  	if (!ret)
  		ret = ret2;

  
  	return ret;
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait_range);
  
  /**

   * filemap_fdatawait - wait for all under-writeback pages to complete

   * @mapping: address space structure to wait for

   *
   * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the given address space
   * and wait for all of them.

   */
  int filemap_fdatawait(struct address_space *mapping)
  {
  	loff_t i_size = i_size_read(mapping->host);
  
  	if (i_size == 0)
  		return 0;

  	return filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, 0, i_size - 1);

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait);
  
  int filemap_write_and_wait(struct address_space *mapping)
  {

  	int err = 0;

  
  	if (mapping->nrpages) {

  		err = filemap_fdatawrite(mapping);
  		/*
  		 * Even if the above returned error, the pages may be
  		 * written partially (e.g. -ENOSPC), so we wait for it.
  		 * But the -EIO is special case, it may indicate the worst
  		 * thing (e.g. bug) happened, so we avoid waiting for it.
  		 */
  		if (err != -EIO) {
  			int err2 = filemap_fdatawait(mapping);
  			if (!err)
  				err = err2;
  		}

  	} else {
  		err = filemap_check_errors(mapping);

  	}

  	return err;

  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_write_and_wait);

  /**
   * filemap_write_and_wait_range - write out & wait on a file range
   * @mapping:	the address_space for the pages
   * @lstart:	offset in bytes where the range starts
   * @lend:	offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
   *

   * Write out and wait upon file offsets lstart->lend, inclusive.
   *
   * Note that `lend' is inclusive (describes the last byte to be written) so
   * that this function can be used to write to the very end-of-file (end = -1).
   */

  int filemap_write_and_wait_range(struct address_space *mapping,
  				 loff_t lstart, loff_t lend)
  {

  	int err = 0;

  
  	if (mapping->nrpages) {

  		err = __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, lstart, lend,
  						 WB_SYNC_ALL);
  		/* See comment of filemap_write_and_wait() */
  		if (err != -EIO) {

  			int err2 = filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping,
  						lstart, lend);

  			if (!err)
  				err = err2;
  		}

  	} else {
  		err = filemap_check_errors(mapping);

  	}

  	return err;

  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_write_and_wait_range);

  /**

   * replace_page_cache_page - replace a pagecache page with a new one
   * @old:	page to be replaced
   * @new:	page to replace with
   * @gfp_mask:	allocation mode
   *
   * This function replaces a page in the pagecache with a new one.  On
   * success it acquires the pagecache reference for the new page and
   * drops it for the old page.  Both the old and new pages must be
   * locked.  This function does not add the new page to the LRU, the
   * caller must do that.
   *
   * The remove + add is atomic.  The only way this function can fail is
   * memory allocation failure.
   */
  int replace_page_cache_page(struct page *old, struct page *new, gfp_t gfp_mask)
  {
  	int error;

  
  	VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(old));
  	VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(new));
  	VM_BUG_ON(new->mapping);

  	error = radix_tree_preload(gfp_mask & ~__GFP_HIGHMEM);
  	if (!error) {
  		struct address_space *mapping = old->mapping;
  		void (*freepage)(struct page *);
  
  		pgoff_t offset = old->index;
  		freepage = mapping->a_ops->freepage;
  
  		page_cache_get(new);
  		new->mapping = mapping;
  		new->index = offset;
  
  		spin_lock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);

  		__delete_from_page_cache(old);

  		error = radix_tree_insert(&mapping->page_tree, offset, new);
  		BUG_ON(error);
  		mapping->nrpages++;
  		__inc_zone_page_state(new, NR_FILE_PAGES);
  		if (PageSwapBacked(new))
  			__inc_zone_page_state(new, NR_SHMEM);
  		spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);

  		/* mem_cgroup codes must not be called under tree_lock */
  		mem_cgroup_replace_page_cache(old, new);

  		radix_tree_preload_end();
  		if (freepage)
  			freepage(old);
  		page_cache_release(old);

  	}
  
  	return error;
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(replace_page_cache_page);

  static int page_cache_tree_insert(struct address_space *mapping,
  				  struct page *page)
  {
  	void **slot;
  	int error;
  
  	slot = radix_tree_lookup_slot(&mapping->page_tree, page->index);
  	if (slot) {
  		void *p;
  
  		p = radix_tree_deref_slot_protected(slot, &mapping->tree_lock);
  		if (!radix_tree_exceptional_entry(p))
  			return -EEXIST;
  		radix_tree_replace_slot(slot, page);
  		mapping->nrpages++;
  		return 0;
  	}
  	error = radix_tree_insert(&mapping->page_tree, page->index, page);
  	if (!error)
  		mapping->nrpages++;
  	return error;
  }

  /**

   * add_to_page_cache_locked - add a locked page to the pagecache

   * @page:	page to add
   * @mapping:	the page's address_space
   * @offset:	page index
   * @gfp_mask:	page allocation mode
   *

   * This function is used to add a page to the pagecache. It must be locked.

   * This function does not add the page to the LRU.  The caller must do that.
   */

  int add_to_page_cache_locked(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,

  		pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask)

  {

  	int error;
  
  	VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));

  	VM_BUG_ON(PageSwapBacked(page));

  
  	error = mem_cgroup_cache_charge(page, current->mm,

  					gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK);

  	if (error)

  		return error;

  	error = radix_tree_maybe_preload(gfp_mask & ~__GFP_HIGHMEM);

  	if (error) {

  		mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page(page);

  		return error;
  	}
  
  	page_cache_get(page);
  	page->mapping = mapping;
  	page->index = offset;
  
  	spin_lock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);

  	error = page_cache_tree_insert(mapping, page);

  	radix_tree_preload_end();
  	if (unlikely(error))
  		goto err_insert;

  	__inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_FILE_PAGES);
  	spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
  	trace_mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache(page);
  	return 0;
  err_insert:
  	page->mapping = NULL;
  	/* Leave page->index set: truncation relies upon it */
  	spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
  	mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page(page);
  	page_cache_release(page);

  	return error;
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(add_to_page_cache_locked);

  
  int add_to_page_cache_lru(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,

  				pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask)

  {

  	int ret;

  	ret = add_to_page_cache(page, mapping, offset, gfp_mask);

  	if (ret == 0)
  		lru_cache_add_file(page);

  	return ret;
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(add_to_page_cache_lru);

  #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA

  struct page *__page_cache_alloc(gfp_t gfp)

  {

  	int n;
  	struct page *page;

  	if (cpuset_do_page_mem_spread()) {

  		unsigned int cpuset_mems_cookie;
  		do {

  			cpuset_mems_cookie = read_mems_allowed_begin();

  			n = cpuset_mem_spread_node();
  			page = alloc_pages_exact_node(n, gfp, 0);

  		} while (!page && read_mems_allowed_retry(cpuset_mems_cookie));

  		return page;

  	}

  	return alloc_pages(gfp, 0);

  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(__page_cache_alloc);

  #endif

  /*
   * In order to wait for pages to become available there must be
   * waitqueues associated with pages. By using a hash table of
   * waitqueues where the bucket discipline is to maintain all
   * waiters on the same queue and wake all when any of the pages
   * become available, and for the woken contexts to check to be
   * sure the appropriate page became available, this saves space
   * at a cost of "thundering herd" phenomena during rare hash
   * collisions.
   */
  static wait_queue_head_t *page_waitqueue(struct page *page)
  {
  	const struct zone *zone = page_zone(page);
  
  	return &zone->wait_table[hash_ptr(page, zone->wait_table_bits)];
  }
  
  static inline void wake_up_page(struct page *page, int bit)
  {
  	__wake_up_bit(page_waitqueue(page), &page->flags, bit);
  }

  void wait_on_page_bit(struct page *page, int bit_nr)

  {
  	DEFINE_WAIT_BIT(wait, &page->flags, bit_nr);
  
  	if (test_bit(bit_nr, &page->flags))

  		__wait_on_bit(page_waitqueue(page), &wait, sleep_on_page,

  							TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(wait_on_page_bit);

  int wait_on_page_bit_killable(struct page *page, int bit_nr)
  {
  	DEFINE_WAIT_BIT(wait, &page->flags, bit_nr);
  
  	if (!test_bit(bit_nr, &page->flags))
  		return 0;
  
  	return __wait_on_bit(page_waitqueue(page), &wait,
  			     sleep_on_page_killable, TASK_KILLABLE);
  }

  /**

   * add_page_wait_queue - Add an arbitrary waiter to a page's wait queue

   * @page: Page defining the wait queue of interest
   * @waiter: Waiter to add to the queue

   *
   * Add an arbitrary @waiter to the wait queue for the nominated @page.
   */
  void add_page_wait_queue(struct page *page, wait_queue_t *waiter)
  {
  	wait_queue_head_t *q = page_waitqueue(page);
  	unsigned long flags;
  
  	spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
  	__add_wait_queue(q, waiter);
  	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(add_page_wait_queue);
  
  /**

   * unlock_page - unlock a locked page

   * @page: the page
   *
   * Unlocks the page and wakes up sleepers in ___wait_on_page_locked().
   * Also wakes sleepers in wait_on_page_writeback() because the wakeup
   * mechananism between PageLocked pages and PageWriteback pages is shared.
   * But that's OK - sleepers in wait_on_page_writeback() just go back to sleep.
   *

   * The mb is necessary to enforce ordering between the clear_bit and the read
   * of the waitqueue (to avoid SMP races with a parallel wait_on_page_locked()).

   */

  void unlock_page(struct page *page)

  {

  	VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
  	clear_bit_unlock(PG_locked, &page->flags);
  	smp_mb__after_clear_bit();

  	wake_up_page(page, PG_locked);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(unlock_page);

  /**
   * end_page_writeback - end writeback against a page
   * @page: the page

   */
  void end_page_writeback(struct page *page)
  {

  	/*
  	 * TestClearPageReclaim could be used here but it is an atomic
  	 * operation and overkill in this particular case. Failing to
  	 * shuffle a page marked for immediate reclaim is too mild to
  	 * justify taking an atomic operation penalty at the end of
  	 * ever page writeback.
  	 */
  	if (PageReclaim(page)) {
  		ClearPageReclaim(page);

  		rotate_reclaimable_page(page);

  	}

  
  	if (!test_clear_page_writeback(page))
  		BUG();

  	smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
  	wake_up_page(page, PG_writeback);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(end_page_writeback);

  /**
   * __lock_page - get a lock on the page, assuming we need to sleep to get it
   * @page: the page to lock

   */

  void __lock_page(struct page *page)

  {
  	DEFINE_WAIT_BIT(wait, &page->flags, PG_locked);

  	__wait_on_bit_lock(page_waitqueue(page), &wait, sleep_on_page,

  							TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(__lock_page);

  int __lock_page_killable(struct page *page)

  {
  	DEFINE_WAIT_BIT(wait, &page->flags, PG_locked);
  
  	return __wait_on_bit_lock(page_waitqueue(page), &wait,

  					sleep_on_page_killable, TASK_KILLABLE);

  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__lock_page_killable);

  int __lock_page_or_retry(struct page *page, struct mm_struct *mm,
  			 unsigned int flags)
  {

  	if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY) {
  		/*
  		 * CAUTION! In this case, mmap_sem is not released
  		 * even though return 0.
  		 */
  		if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT)
  			return 0;
  
  		up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
  		if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE)
  			wait_on_page_locked_killable(page);
  		else

  			wait_on_page_locked(page);

  		return 0;

  	} else {
  		if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE) {
  			int ret;
  
  			ret = __lock_page_killable(page);
  			if (ret) {
  				up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
  				return 0;
  			}
  		} else
  			__lock_page(page);
  		return 1;

  	}
  }

  /**

   * page_cache_next_hole - find the next hole (not-present entry)
   * @mapping: mapping
   * @index: index
   * @max_scan: maximum range to search
   *
   * Search the set [index, min(index+max_scan-1, MAX_INDEX)] for the
   * lowest indexed hole.
   *
   * Returns: the index of the hole if found, otherwise returns an index
   * outside of the set specified (in which case 'return - index >=
   * max_scan' will be true). In rare cases of index wrap-around, 0 will
   * be returned.
   *
   * page_cache_next_hole may be called under rcu_read_lock. However,
   * like radix_tree_gang_lookup, this will not atomically search a
   * snapshot of the tree at a single point in time. For example, if a
   * hole is created at index 5, then subsequently a hole is created at
   * index 10, page_cache_next_hole covering both indexes may return 10
   * if called under rcu_read_lock.
   */
  pgoff_t page_cache_next_hole(struct address_space *mapping,
  			     pgoff_t index, unsigned long max_scan)
  {
  	unsigned long i;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < max_scan; i++) {

  		struct page *page;
  
  		page = radix_tree_lookup(&mapping->page_tree, index);
  		if (!page || radix_tree_exceptional_entry(page))

  			break;
  		index++;
  		if (index == 0)
  			break;
  	}
  
  	return index;
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_cache_next_hole);
  
  /**
   * page_cache_prev_hole - find the prev hole (not-present entry)
   * @mapping: mapping
   * @index: index
   * @max_scan: maximum range to search
   *
   * Search backwards in the range [max(index-max_scan+1, 0), index] for
   * the first hole.
   *
   * Returns: the index of the hole if found, otherwise returns an index
   * outside of the set specified (in which case 'index - return >=
   * max_scan' will be true). In rare cases of wrap-around, ULONG_MAX
   * will be returned.
   *
   * page_cache_prev_hole may be called under rcu_read_lock. However,
   * like radix_tree_gang_lookup, this will not atomically search a
   * snapshot of the tree at a single point in time. For example, if a
   * hole is created at index 10, then subsequently a hole is created at
   * index 5, page_cache_prev_hole covering both indexes may return 5 if
   * called under rcu_read_lock.
   */
  pgoff_t page_cache_prev_hole(struct address_space *mapping,
  			     pgoff_t index, unsigned long max_scan)
  {
  	unsigned long i;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < max_scan; i++) {

  		struct page *page;
  
  		page = radix_tree_lookup(&mapping->page_tree, index);
  		if (!page || radix_tree_exceptional_entry(page))

  			break;
  		index--;
  		if (index == ULONG_MAX)
  			break;
  	}
  
  	return index;
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_cache_prev_hole);
  
  /**

   * find_get_entry - find and get a page cache entry

   * @mapping: the address_space to search

   * @offset: the page cache index

   *

   * Looks up the page cache slot at @mapping & @offset.  If there is a
   * page cache page, it is returned with an increased refcount.
   *
   * If the slot holds a shadow entry of a previously evicted page, it
   * is returned.
   *
   * Otherwise, %NULL is returned.

   */

  struct page *find_get_entry(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset)

  {

  	void **pagep;

  	struct page *page;

  	rcu_read_lock();
  repeat:
  	page = NULL;
  	pagep = radix_tree_lookup_slot(&mapping->page_tree, offset);
  	if (pagep) {
  		page = radix_tree_deref_slot(pagep);

  		if (unlikely(!page))
  			goto out;

  		if (radix_tree_exception(page)) {

  			if (radix_tree_deref_retry(page))
  				goto repeat;
  			/*
  			 * Otherwise, shmem/tmpfs must be storing a swap entry
  			 * here as an exceptional entry: so return it without
  			 * attempting to raise page count.
  			 */
  			goto out;

  		}

  		if (!page_cache_get_speculative(page))
  			goto repeat;
  
  		/*
  		 * Has the page moved?
  		 * This is part of the lockless pagecache protocol. See
  		 * include/linux/pagemap.h for details.
  		 */
  		if (unlikely(page != *pagep)) {
  			page_cache_release(page);
  			goto repeat;
  		}
  	}

  out:

  	rcu_read_unlock();

  	return page;
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_get_entry);

  /**

   * find_lock_entry - locate, pin and lock a page cache entry
   * @mapping: the address_space to search
   * @offset: the page cache index
   *
   * Looks up the page cache slot at @mapping & @offset.  If there is a
   * page cache page, it is returned locked and with an increased
   * refcount.
   *
   * If the slot holds a shadow entry of a previously evicted page, it
   * is returned.
   *
   * Otherwise, %NULL is returned.
   *
   * find_lock_entry() may sleep.
   */
  struct page *find_lock_entry(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset)

  {
  	struct page *page;

  repeat:

  	page = find_get_entry(mapping, offset);

  	if (page && !radix_tree_exception(page)) {

  		lock_page(page);
  		/* Has the page been truncated? */
  		if (unlikely(page->mapping != mapping)) {
  			unlock_page(page);
  			page_cache_release(page);
  			goto repeat;

  		}

  		VM_BUG_ON(page->index != offset);

  	}

  	return page;
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_lock_entry);
  
  /**

   * pagecache_get_page - find and get a page reference

   * @mapping: the address_space to search
   * @offset: the page index

   * @fgp_flags: PCG flags
   * @gfp_mask: gfp mask to use if a page is to be allocated

   *

   * Looks up the page cache slot at @mapping & @offset.

   *

   * PCG flags modify how the page is returned

   *

   * FGP_ACCESSED: the page will be marked accessed
   * FGP_LOCK: Page is return locked
   * FGP_CREAT: If page is not present then a new page is allocated using
   *		@gfp_mask and added to the page cache and the VM's LRU
   *		list. The page is returned locked and with an increased
   *		refcount. Otherwise, %NULL is returned.

   *

   * If FGP_LOCK or FGP_CREAT are specified then the function may sleep even
   * if the GFP flags specified for FGP_CREAT are atomic.

   *

   * If there is a page cache page, it is returned with an increased refcount.

   */

  struct page *pagecache_get_page(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset,
  	int fgp_flags, gfp_t cache_gfp_mask, gfp_t radix_gfp_mask)

  {

  	struct page *page;

  repeat:

  	page = find_get_entry(mapping, offset);
  	if (radix_tree_exceptional_entry(page))
  		page = NULL;
  	if (!page)
  		goto no_page;
  
  	if (fgp_flags & FGP_LOCK) {
  		if (fgp_flags & FGP_NOWAIT) {
  			if (!trylock_page(page)) {
  				page_cache_release(page);
  				return NULL;
  			}
  		} else {
  			lock_page(page);
  		}
  
  		/* Has the page been truncated? */
  		if (unlikely(page->mapping != mapping)) {
  			unlock_page(page);
  			page_cache_release(page);
  			goto repeat;
  		}
  		VM_BUG_ON(page->index != offset);
  	}
  
  	if (page && (fgp_flags & FGP_ACCESSED))
  		mark_page_accessed(page);
  
  no_page:
  	if (!page && (fgp_flags & FGP_CREAT)) {
  		int err;
  		if ((fgp_flags & FGP_WRITE) && mapping_cap_account_dirty(mapping))
  			cache_gfp_mask |= __GFP_WRITE;
  		if (fgp_flags & FGP_NOFS) {
  			cache_gfp_mask &= ~__GFP_FS;
  			radix_gfp_mask &= ~__GFP_FS;
  		}
  
  		page = __page_cache_alloc(cache_gfp_mask);

  		if (!page)
  			return NULL;

  
  		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!(fgp_flags & FGP_LOCK)))
  			fgp_flags |= FGP_LOCK;
  
  		/* Init accessed so avoit atomic mark_page_accessed later */
  		if (fgp_flags & FGP_ACCESSED)
  			init_page_accessed(page);
  
  		err = add_to_page_cache_lru(page, mapping, offset, radix_gfp_mask);

  		if (unlikely(err)) {
  			page_cache_release(page);
  			page = NULL;
  			if (err == -EEXIST)
  				goto repeat;

  		}

  	}

  	return page;
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagecache_get_page);

  
  /**

   * find_get_entries - gang pagecache lookup
   * @mapping:	The address_space to search
   * @start:	The starting page cache index
   * @nr_entries:	The maximum number of entries
   * @entries:	Where the resulting entries are placed
   * @indices:	The cache indices corresponding to the entries in @entries
   *
   * find_get_entries() will search for and return a group of up to
   * @nr_entries entries in the mapping.  The entries are placed at
   * @entries.  find_get_entries() takes a reference against any actual
   * pages it returns.
   *
   * The search returns a group of mapping-contiguous page cache entries
   * with ascending indexes.  There may be holes in the indices due to
   * not-present pages.
   *
   * Any shadow entries of evicted pages are included in the returned
   * array.
   *
   * find_get_entries() returns the number of pages and shadow entries
   * which were found.
   */
  unsigned find_get_entries(struct address_space *mapping,
  			  pgoff_t start, unsigned int nr_entries,
  			  struct page **entries, pgoff_t *indices)
  {
  	void **slot;
  	unsigned int ret = 0;
  	struct radix_tree_iter iter;
  
  	if (!nr_entries)
  		return 0;
  
  	rcu_read_lock();
  restart:
  	radix_tree_for_each_slot(slot, &mapping->page_tree, &iter, start) {
  		struct page *page;
  repeat:
  		page = radix_tree_deref_slot(slot);
  		if (unlikely(!page))
  			continue;
  		if (radix_tree_exception(page)) {
  			if (radix_tree_deref_retry(page))
  				goto restart;
  			/*
  			 * Otherwise, we must be storing a swap entry
  			 * here as an exceptional entry: so return it
  			 * without attempting to raise page count.
  			 */
  			goto export;
  		}
  		if (!page_cache_get_speculative(page))
  			goto repeat;
  
  		/* Has the page moved? */
  		if (unlikely(page != *slot)) {
  			page_cache_release(page);
  			goto repeat;
  		}
  export:
  		indices[ret] = iter.index;
  		entries[ret] = page;
  		if (++ret == nr_entries)
  			break;
  	}
  	rcu_read_unlock();
  	return ret;
  }
  
  /**

   * find_get_pages - gang pagecache lookup
   * @mapping:	The address_space to search
   * @start:	The starting page index
   * @nr_pages:	The maximum number of pages
   * @pages:	Where the resulting pages are placed
   *
   * find_get_pages() will search for and return a group of up to
   * @nr_pages pages in the mapping.  The pages are placed at @pages.
   * find_get_pages() takes a reference against the returned pages.
   *
   * The search returns a group of mapping-contiguous pages with ascending
   * indexes.  There may be holes in the indices due to not-present pages.
   *
   * find_get_pages() returns the number of pages which were found.
   */
  unsigned find_get_pages(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t start,
  			    unsigned int nr_pages, struct page **pages)
  {

  	struct radix_tree_iter iter;
  	void **slot;
  	unsigned ret = 0;
  
  	if (unlikely(!nr_pages))
  		return 0;

  
  	rcu_read_lock();
  restart:

  	radix_tree_for_each_slot(slot, &mapping->page_tree, &iter, start) {

  		struct page *page;
  repeat:

  		page = radix_tree_deref_slot(slot);

  		if (unlikely(!page))
  			continue;

  		if (radix_tree_exception(page)) {

  			if (radix_tree_deref_retry(page)) {
  				/*
  				 * Transient condition which can only trigger
  				 * when entry at index 0 moves out of or back
  				 * to root: none yet gotten, safe to restart.
  				 */

  				WARN_ON(iter.index);

  				goto restart;
  			}

  			/*

  			 * Otherwise, shmem/tmpfs must be storing a swap entry
  			 * here as an exceptional entry: so skip over it -
  			 * we only reach this from invalidate_mapping_pages().

  			 */

  			continue;

  		}

  
  		if (!page_cache_get_speculative(page))
  			goto repeat;
  
  		/* Has the page moved? */

  		if (unlikely(page != *slot)) {

  			page_cache_release(page);
  			goto repeat;
  		}

  		pages[ret] = page;

  		if (++ret == nr_pages)
  			break;

  	}

  	rcu_read_unlock();

  	return ret;
  }

  /**
   * find_get_pages_contig - gang contiguous pagecache lookup
   * @mapping:	The address_space to search
   * @index:	The starting page index
   * @nr_pages:	The maximum number of pages
   * @pages:	Where the resulting pages are placed
   *
   * find_get_pages_contig() works exactly like find_get_pages(), except
   * that the returned number of pages are guaranteed to be contiguous.
   *
   * find_get_pages_contig() returns the number of pages which were found.
   */
  unsigned find_get_pages_contig(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t index,
  			       unsigned int nr_pages, struct page **pages)
  {

  	struct radix_tree_iter iter;
  	void **slot;
  	unsigned int ret = 0;
  
  	if (unlikely(!nr_pages))
  		return 0;

  
  	rcu_read_lock();
  restart:

  	radix_tree_for_each_contig(slot, &mapping->page_tree, &iter, index) {

  		struct page *page;
  repeat:

  		page = radix_tree_deref_slot(slot);
  		/* The hole, there no reason to continue */

  		if (unlikely(!page))

  			break;

  		if (radix_tree_exception(page)) {

  			if (radix_tree_deref_retry(page)) {
  				/*
  				 * Transient condition which can only trigger
  				 * when entry at index 0 moves out of or back
  				 * to root: none yet gotten, safe to restart.
  				 */
  				goto restart;
  			}

  			/*

  			 * Otherwise, shmem/tmpfs must be storing a swap entry
  			 * here as an exceptional entry: so stop looking for
  			 * contiguous pages.

  			 */

  			break;

  		}

  		if (!page_cache_get_speculative(page))
  			goto repeat;
  
  		/* Has the page moved? */

  		if (unlikely(page != *slot)) {

  			page_cache_release(page);
  			goto repeat;
  		}

  		/*
  		 * must check mapping and index after taking the ref.
  		 * otherwise we can get both false positives and false
  		 * negatives, which is just confusing to the caller.
  		 */

  		if (page->mapping == NULL || page->index != iter.index) {

  			page_cache_release(page);
  			break;
  		}

  		pages[ret] = page;

  		if (++ret == nr_pages)
  			break;

  	}

  	rcu_read_unlock();
  	return ret;

  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_get_pages_contig);

  /**
   * find_get_pages_tag - find and return pages that match @tag
   * @mapping:	the address_space to search
   * @index:	the starting page index
   * @tag:	the tag index
   * @nr_pages:	the maximum number of pages
   * @pages:	where the resulting pages are placed
   *

   * Like find_get_pages, except we only return pages which are tagged with

   * @tag.   We update @index to index the next page for the traversal.

   */
  unsigned find_get_pages_tag(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *index,
  			int tag, unsigned int nr_pages, struct page **pages)
  {

  	struct radix_tree_iter iter;
  	void **slot;
  	unsigned ret = 0;
  
  	if (unlikely(!nr_pages))
  		return 0;

  
  	rcu_read_lock();
  restart:

  	radix_tree_for_each_tagged(slot, &mapping->page_tree,
  				   &iter, *index, tag) {

  		struct page *page;
  repeat:

  		page = radix_tree_deref_slot(slot);

  		if (unlikely(!page))
  			continue;

  		if (radix_tree_exception(page)) {

  			if (radix_tree_deref_retry(page)) {
  				/*
  				 * Transient condition which can only trigger
  				 * when entry at index 0 moves out of or back
  				 * to root: none yet gotten, safe to restart.
  				 */
  				goto restart;
  			}

  			/*

  			 * This function is never used on a shmem/tmpfs
  			 * mapping, so a swap entry won't be found here.

  			 */

  			BUG();

  		}

  
  		if (!page_cache_get_speculative(page))
  			goto repeat;
  
  		/* Has the page moved? */

  		if (unlikely(page != *slot)) {

  			page_cache_release(page);
  			goto repeat;
  		}
  
  		pages[ret] = page;

  		if (++ret == nr_pages)
  			break;

  	}

  	rcu_read_unlock();

  	if (ret)
  		*index = pages[ret - 1]->index + 1;

  	return ret;
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_get_pages_tag);

  /*
   * CD/DVDs are error prone. When a medium error occurs, the driver may fail
   * a _large_ part of the i/o request. Imagine the worst scenario:
   *
   *      ---R__________________________________________B__________
   *         ^ reading here                             ^ bad block(assume 4k)
   *
   * read(R) => miss => readahead(R...B) => media error => frustrating retries
   * => failing the whole request => read(R) => read(R+1) =>
   * readahead(R+1...B+1) => bang => read(R+2) => read(R+3) =>
   * readahead(R+3...B+2) => bang => read(R+3) => read(R+4) =>
   * readahead(R+4...B+3) => bang => read(R+4) => read(R+5) => ......
   *
   * It is going insane. Fix it by quickly scaling down the readahead size.
   */
  static void shrink_readahead_size_eio(struct file *filp,
  					struct file_ra_state *ra)
  {

  	ra->ra_pages /= 4;

  }

  /**

   * do_generic_file_read - generic file read routine

   * @filp:	the file to read
   * @ppos:	current file position
   * @desc:	read_descriptor
   * @actor:	read method
   *

   * This is a generic file read routine, and uses the

   * mapping->a_ops->readpage() function for the actual low-level stuff.

   *
   * This is really ugly. But the goto's actually try to clarify some
   * of the logic when it comes to error handling etc.

   */

  static void do_generic_file_read(struct file *filp, loff_t *ppos,
  		read_descriptor_t *desc, read_actor_t actor)

  {

  	struct address_space *mapping = filp->f_mapping;

  	struct inode *inode = mapping->host;

  	struct file_ra_state *ra = &filp->f_ra;

  	pgoff_t index;
  	pgoff_t last_index;
  	pgoff_t prev_index;
  	unsigned long offset;      /* offset into pagecache page */

  	unsigned int prev_offset;

  	int error;

  	index = *ppos >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;

  	prev_index = ra->prev_pos >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;
  	prev_offset = ra->prev_pos & (PAGE_CACHE_SIZE-1);

  	last_index = (*ppos + desc->count + PAGE_CACHE_SIZE-1) >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;
  	offset = *ppos & ~PAGE_CACHE_MASK;

  	for (;;) {
  		struct page *page;

  		pgoff_t end_index;

  		loff_t isize;

  		unsigned long nr, ret;

  		cond_resched();

  find_page:
  		page = find_get_page(mapping, index);

  		if (!page) {

  			page_cache_sync_readahead(mapping,

  					ra, filp,

  					index, last_index - index);
  			page = find_get_page(mapping, index);
  			if (unlikely(page == NULL))
  				goto no_cached_page;
  		}
  		if (PageReadahead(page)) {

  			page_cache_async_readahead(mapping,

  					ra, filp, page,

  					index, last_index - index);

  		}

  		if (!PageUptodate(page)) {
  			if (inode->i_blkbits == PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT ||
  					!mapping->a_ops->is_partially_uptodate)
  				goto page_not_up_to_date;

  			if (!trylock_page(page))

  				goto page_not_up_to_date;

  			/* Did it get truncated before we got the lock? */
  			if (!page->mapping)
  				goto page_not_up_to_date_locked;

  			if (!mapping->a_ops->is_partially_uptodate(page,
  								desc, offset))
  				goto page_not_up_to_date_locked;
  			unlock_page(page);
  		}

  page_ok:

  		/*
  		 * i_size must be checked after we know the page is Uptodate.
  		 *
  		 * Checking i_size after the check allows us to calculate
  		 * the correct value for "nr", which means the zero-filled
  		 * part of the page is not copied back to userspace (unless
  		 * another truncate extends the file - this is desired though).
  		 */
  
  		isize = i_size_read(inode);
  		end_index = (isize - 1) >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;
  		if (unlikely(!isize || index > end_index)) {
  			page_cache_release(page);
  			goto out;
  		}
  
  		/* nr is the maximum number of bytes to copy from this page */
  		nr = PAGE_CACHE_SIZE;
  		if (index == end_index) {
  			nr = ((isize - 1) & ~PAGE_CACHE_MASK) + 1;
  			if (nr <= offset) {
  				page_cache_release(page);
  				goto out;
  			}
  		}
  		nr = nr - offset;

  
  		/* If users can be writing to this page using arbitrary
  		 * virtual addresses, take care about potential aliasing
  		 * before reading the page on the kernel side.
  		 */
  		if (mapping_writably_mapped(mapping))
  			flush_dcache_page(page);
  
  		/*

  		 * When a sequential read accesses a page several times,
  		 * only mark it as accessed the first time.

  		 */

  		if (prev_index != index || offset != prev_offset)

  			mark_page_accessed(page);
  		prev_index = index;
  
  		/*
  		 * Ok, we have the page, and it's up-to-date, so
  		 * now we can copy it to user space...
  		 *
  		 * The actor routine returns how many bytes were actually used..
  		 * NOTE! This may not be the same as how much of a user buffer
  		 * we filled up (we may be padding etc), so we can only update
  		 * "pos" here (the actor routine has to update the user buffer
  		 * pointers and the remaining count).
  		 */
  		ret = actor(desc, page, offset, nr);
  		offset += ret;
  		index += offset >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;
  		offset &= ~PAGE_CACHE_MASK;

  		prev_offset = offset;

  
  		page_cache_release(page);
  		if (ret == nr && desc->count)
  			continue;
  		goto out;
  
  page_not_up_to_date:
  		/* Get exclusive access to the page ... */

  		error = lock_page_killable(page);
  		if (unlikely(error))
  			goto readpage_error;

  page_not_up_to_date_locked:

  		/* Did it get truncated before we got the lock? */

  		if (!page->mapping) {
  			unlock_page(page);
  			page_cache_release(page);
  			continue;
  		}
  
  		/* Did somebody else fill it already? */
  		if (PageUptodate(page)) {
  			unlock_page(page);
  			goto page_ok;
  		}
  
  readpage:

  		/*
  		 * A previous I/O error may have been due to temporary
  		 * failures, eg. multipath errors.
  		 * PG_error will be set again if readpage fails.
  		 */
  		ClearPageError(page);

  		/* Start the actual read. The read will unlock the page. */
  		error = mapping->a_ops->readpage(filp, page);

  		if (unlikely(error)) {
  			if (error == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE) {
  				page_cache_release(page);
  				goto find_page;
  			}

  			goto readpage_error;

  		}

  
  		if (!PageUptodate(page)) {

  			error = lock_page_killable(page);
  			if (unlikely(error))
  				goto readpage_error;

  			if (!PageUptodate(page)) {
  				if (page->mapping == NULL) {
  					/*

  					 * invalidate_mapping_pages got it

  					 */
  					unlock_page(page);
  					page_cache_release(page);
  					goto find_page;
  				}
  				unlock_page(page);

  				shrink_readahead_size_eio(filp, ra);

  				error = -EIO;
  				goto readpage_error;

  			}
  			unlock_page(page);
  		}

  		goto page_ok;
  
  readpage_error:
  		/* UHHUH! A synchronous read error occurred. Report it */
  		desc->error = error;
  		page_cache_release(page);
  		goto out;
  
  no_cached_page:
  		/*
  		 * Ok, it wasn't cached, so we need to create a new
  		 * page..
  		 */

  		page = page_cache_alloc_cold(mapping);
  		if (!page) {
  			desc->error = -ENOMEM;
  			goto out;

  		}

  		error = add_to_page_cache_lru(page, mapping,

  						index, GFP_KERNEL);
  		if (error) {

  			page_cache_release(page);

  			if (error == -EEXIST)
  				goto find_page;
  			desc->error = error;
  			goto out;
  		}

  		goto readpage;
  	}
  
  out:

  	ra->prev_pos = prev_index;
  	ra->prev_pos <<= PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;
  	ra->prev_pos |= prev_offset;

  	*ppos = ((loff_t)index << PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT) + offset;

  	file_accessed(filp);

  }

  
  int file_read_actor(read_descriptor_t *desc, struct page *page,
  			unsigned long offset, unsigned long size)
  {
  	char *kaddr;
  	unsigned long left, count = desc->count;
  
  	if (size > count)
  		size = count;
  
  	/*
  	 * Faults on the destination of a read are common, so do it before
  	 * taking the kmap.
  	 */
  	if (!fault_in_pages_writeable(desc->arg.buf, size)) {

  		kaddr = kmap_atomic(page);

  		left = __copy_to_user_inatomic(desc->arg.buf,
  						kaddr + offset, size);

  		kunmap_atomic(kaddr);

  		if (left == 0)
  			goto success;
  	}
  
  	/* Do it the slow way */
  	kaddr = kmap(page);
  	left = __copy_to_user(desc->arg.buf, kaddr + offset, size);
  	kunmap(page);
  
  	if (left) {
  		size -= left;
  		desc->error = -EFAULT;
  	}
  success:
  	desc->count = count - size;
  	desc->written += size;
  	desc->arg.buf += size;
  	return size;
  }

  /*
   * Performs necessary checks before doing a write
   * @iov:	io vector request
   * @nr_segs:	number of segments in the iovec
   * @count:	number of bytes to write
   * @access_flags: type of access: %VERIFY_READ or %VERIFY_WRITE
   *
   * Adjust number of segments and amount of bytes to write (nr_segs should be
   * properly initialized first). Returns appropriate error code that caller
   * should return or zero in case that write should be allowed.
   */
  int generic_segment_checks(const struct iovec *iov,
  			unsigned long *nr_segs, size_t *count, int access_flags)
  {
  	unsigned long   seg;
  	size_t cnt = 0;
  	for (seg = 0; seg < *nr_segs; seg++) {
  		const struct iovec *iv = &iov[seg];
  
  		/*
  		 * If any segment has a negative length, or the cumulative
  		 * length ever wraps negative then return -EINVAL.
  		 */
  		cnt += iv->iov_len;
  		if (unlikely((ssize_t)(cnt|iv->iov_len) < 0))
  			return -EINVAL;
  		if (access_ok(access_flags, iv->iov_base, iv->iov_len))
  			continue;
  		if (seg == 0)
  			return -EFAULT;
  		*nr_segs = seg;
  		cnt -= iv->iov_len;	/* This segment is no good */
  		break;
  	}
  	*count = cnt;
  	return 0;
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_segment_checks);

  /**

   * generic_file_aio_read - generic filesystem read routine

   * @iocb:	kernel I/O control block
   * @iov:	io vector request
   * @nr_segs:	number of segments in the iovec

   * @pos:	current file position

   *

   * This is the "read()" routine for all filesystems
   * that can use the page cache directly.
   */
  ssize_t

  generic_file_aio_read(struct kiocb *iocb, const struct iovec *iov,
  		unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t pos)

  {
  	struct file *filp = iocb->ki_filp;
  	ssize_t retval;

  	unsigned long seg = 0;

  	size_t count;

  	loff_t *ppos = &iocb->ki_pos;

  
  	count = 0;

  	retval = generic_segment_checks(iov, &nr_segs, &count, VERIFY_WRITE);
  	if (retval)
  		return retval;

  
  	/* coalesce the iovecs and go direct-to-BIO for O_DIRECT */
  	if (filp->f_flags & O_DIRECT) {

  		loff_t size;

  		struct address_space *mapping;
  		struct inode *inode;
  
  		mapping = filp->f_mapping;
  		inode = mapping->host;

  		if (!count)
  			goto out; /* skip atime */
  		size = i_size_read(inode);
  		if (pos < size) {

  			retval = filemap_write_and_wait_range(mapping, pos,
  					pos + iov_length(iov, nr_segs) - 1);

  			if (!retval) {
  				retval = mapping->a_ops->direct_IO(READ, iocb,
  							iov, pos, nr_segs);
  			}

  			if (retval > 0) {

  				*ppos = pos + retval;

  				count -= retval;
  			}
  
  			/*
  			 * Btrfs can have a short DIO read if we encounter
  			 * compressed extents, so if there was an error, or if
  			 * we've already read everything we wanted to, or if
  			 * there was a short read because we hit EOF, go ahead
  			 * and return.  Otherwise fallthrough to buffered io for
  			 * the rest of the read.
  			 */
  			if (retval < 0 || !count || *ppos >= size) {

  				file_accessed(filp);
  				goto out;
  			}

  		}

  	}

  	count = retval;

  	for (seg = 0; seg < nr_segs; seg++) {
  		read_descriptor_t desc;

  		loff_t offset = 0;
  
  		/*
  		 * If we did a short DIO read we need to skip the section of the
  		 * iov that we've already read data into.
  		 */
  		if (count) {
  			if (count > iov[seg].iov_len) {
  				count -= iov[seg].iov_len;
  				continue;
  			}
  			offset = count;
  			count = 0;
  		}

  		desc.written = 0;

  		desc.arg.buf = iov[seg].iov_base + offset;
  		desc.count = iov[seg].iov_len - offset;

  		if (desc.count == 0)
  			continue;
  		desc.error = 0;
  		do_generic_file_read(filp, ppos, &desc, file_read_actor);
  		retval += desc.written;
  		if (desc.error) {
  			retval = retval ?: desc.error;
  			break;

  		}

  		if (desc.count > 0)
  			break;

  	}
  out:
  	return retval;
  }

  EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_aio_read);

  #ifdef CONFIG_MMU

  /**
   * page_cache_read - adds requested page to the page cache if not already there
   * @file:	file to read
   * @offset:	page index
   *

   * This adds the requested page to the page cache if it isn't already there,
   * and schedules an I/O to read in its contents from disk.
   */

  static int page_cache_read(struct file *file, pgoff_t offset)

  {
  	struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
  	struct page *page; 

  	int ret;

  	do {
  		page = page_cache_alloc_cold(mapping);
  		if (!page)
  			return -ENOMEM;
  
  		ret = add_to_page_cache_lru(page, mapping, offset, GFP_KERNEL);
  		if (ret == 0)
  			ret = mapping->a_ops->readpage(file, page);
  		else if (ret == -EEXIST)
  			ret = 0; /* losing race to add is OK */

  		page_cache_release(page);

  	} while (ret == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE);
  		
  	return ret;

  }
  
  #define MMAP_LOTSAMISS  (100)

  /*
   * Synchronous readahead happens when we don't even find
   * a page in the page cache at all.
   */
  static void do_sync_mmap_readahead(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
  				   struct file_ra_state *ra,
  				   struct file *file,
  				   pgoff_t offset)
  {
  	unsigned long ra_pages;
  	struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
  
  	/* If we don't want any read-ahead, don't bother */

  	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_RAND_READ)

  		return;

  	if (!ra->ra_pages)
  		return;

  	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SEQ_READ) {

  		page_cache_sync_readahead(mapping, ra, file, offset,
  					  ra->ra_pages);

  		return;
  	}

  	/* Avoid banging the cache line if not needed */
  	if (ra->mmap_miss < MMAP_LOTSAMISS * 10)

  		ra->mmap_miss++;
  
  	/*
  	 * Do we miss much more than hit in this file? If so,
  	 * stop bothering with read-ahead. It will only hurt.
  	 */
  	if (ra->mmap_miss > MMAP_LOTSAMISS)
  		return;

  	/*
  	 * mmap read-around
  	 */

  	ra_pages = max_sane_readahead(ra->ra_pages);

  	ra->start = max_t(long, 0, offset - ra_pages / 2);
  	ra->size = ra_pages;

  	ra->async_size = ra_pages / 4;

  	ra_submit(ra, mapping, file);

  }
  
  /*
   * Asynchronous readahead happens when we find the page and PG_readahead,
   * so we want to possibly extend the readahead further..
   */
  static void do_async_mmap_readahead(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
  				    struct file_ra_state *ra,
  				    struct file *file,
  				    struct page *page,
  				    pgoff_t offset)
  {
  	struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
  
  	/* If we don't want any read-ahead, don't bother */

  	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_RAND_READ)

  		return;
  	if (ra->mmap_miss > 0)
  		ra->mmap_miss--;
  	if (PageReadahead(page))

  		page_cache_async_readahead(mapping, ra, file,
  					   page, offset, ra->ra_pages);

  }

  /**

   * filemap_fault - read in file data for page fault handling

   * @vma:	vma in which the fault was taken
   * @vmf:	struct vm_fault containing details of the fault

   *

   * filemap_fault() is invoked via the vma operations vector for a

   * mapped memory region to read in file data during a page fault.
   *
   * The goto's are kind of ugly, but this streamlines the normal case of having
   * it in the page cache, and handles the special cases reasonably without
   * having a lot of duplicated code.
   */

  int filemap_fault(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf)

  {
  	int error;

  	struct file *file = vma->vm_file;

  	struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
  	struct file_ra_state *ra = &file->f_ra;
  	struct inode *inode = mapping->host;

  	pgoff_t offset = vmf->pgoff;

  	struct page *page;

  	pgoff_t size;

  	int ret = 0;

  	size = (i_size_read(inode) + PAGE_CACHE_SIZE - 1) >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;

  	if (offset >= size)

  		return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

  	/*

  	 * Do we have something in the page cache already?

  	 */

  	page = find_get_page(mapping, offset);

  	if (likely(page) && !(vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_TRIED)) {

  		/*

  		 * We found the page, so try async readahead before
  		 * waiting for the lock.

  		 */

  		do_async_mmap_readahead(vma, ra, file, page, offset);

  	} else if (!page) {

  		/* No page in the page cache at all */
  		do_sync_mmap_readahead(vma, ra, file, offset);
  		count_vm_event(PGMAJFAULT);

  		mem_cgroup_count_vm_event(vma->vm_mm, PGMAJFAULT);

  		ret = VM_FAULT_MAJOR;
  retry_find:

  		page = find_get_page(mapping, offset);

  		if (!page)
  			goto no_cached_page;
  	}

  	if (!lock_page_or_retry(page, vma->vm_mm, vmf->flags)) {
  		page_cache_release(page);

  		return ret | VM_FAULT_RETRY;

  	}

  
  	/* Did it get truncated? */
  	if (unlikely(page->mapping != mapping)) {
  		unlock_page(page);
  		put_page(page);
  		goto retry_find;
  	}
  	VM_BUG_ON(page->index != offset);

  	/*

  	 * We have a locked page in the page cache, now we need to check
  	 * that it's up-to-date. If not, it is going to be due to an error.

  	 */

  	if (unlikely(!PageUptodate(page)))

  		goto page_not_uptodate;

  	/*
  	 * Found the page and have a reference on it.
  	 * We must recheck i_size under page lock.
  	 */

  	size = (i_size_read(inode) + PAGE_CACHE_SIZE - 1) >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;

  	if (unlikely(offset >= size)) {

  		unlock_page(page);

  		page_cache_release(page);

  		return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

  	}

  	vmf->page = page;

  	return ret | VM_FAULT_LOCKED;

  no_cached_page:
  	/*
  	 * We're only likely to ever get here if MADV_RANDOM is in
  	 * effect.
  	 */

  	error = page_cache_read(file, offset);

  
  	/*
  	 * The page we want has now been added to the page cache.
  	 * In the unlikely event that someone removed it in the
  	 * meantime, we'll just come back here and read it again.
  	 */
  	if (error >= 0)
  		goto retry_find;
  
  	/*
  	 * An error return from page_cache_read can result if the
  	 * system is low on memory, or a problem occurs while trying
  	 * to schedule I/O.
  	 */
  	if (error == -ENOMEM)

  		return VM_FAULT_OOM;
  	return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

  
  page_not_uptodate:

  	/*
  	 * Umm, take care of errors if the page isn't up-to-date.
  	 * Try to re-read it _once_. We do this synchronously,
  	 * because there really aren't any performance issues here
  	 * and we need to check for errors.
  	 */

  	ClearPageError(page);

  	error = mapping->a_ops->readpage(file, page);

  	if (!error) {
  		wait_on_page_locked(page);
  		if (!PageUptodate(page))
  			error = -EIO;
  	}

  	page_cache_release(page);
  
  	if (!error || error == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)

  		goto retry_find;

  	/* Things didn't work out. Return zero to tell the mm layer so. */

  	shrink_readahead_size_eio(file, ra);

  	return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fault);

  int filemap_page_mkwrite(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf)
  {
  	struct page *page = vmf->page;

  	struct inode *inode = file_inode(vma->vm_file);

  	int ret = VM_FAULT_LOCKED;

  	sb_start_pagefault(inode->i_sb);

  	file_update_time(vma->vm_file);
  	lock_page(page);
  	if (page->mapping != inode->i_mapping) {
  		unlock_page(page);
  		ret = VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;
  		goto out;
  	}

  	/*
  	 * We mark the page dirty already here so that when freeze is in
  	 * progress, we are guaranteed that writeback during freezing will
  	 * see the dirty page and writeprotect it again.
  	 */
  	set_page_dirty(page);

  	wait_for_stable_page(page);

  out:

  	sb_end_pagefault(inode->i_sb);

  	return ret;
  }
  EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_page_mkwrite);