This document gives a brief introduction to the caching

  mechanisms in the sunrpc layer that is used, in particular,
  for NFS authentication.
  
  CACHES
  ======
  The caching replaces the old exports table and allows for
  a wide variety of values to be caches.
  
  There are a number of caches that are similar in structure though
  quite possibly very different in content and use.  There is a corpus
  of common code for managing these caches.
  
  Examples of caches that are likely to be needed are:
    - mapping from IP address to client name
    - mapping from client name and filesystem to export options
    - mapping from UID to list of GIDs, to work around NFS's limitation
      of 16 gids.
    - mappings between local UID/GID and remote UID/GID for sites that
      do not have uniform uid assignment
    - mapping from network identify to public key for crypto authentication.
  
  The common code handles such things as:
     - general cache lookup with correct locking
     - supporting 'NEGATIVE' as well as positive entries
     - allowing an EXPIRED time on cache items, and removing

       items after they expire, and are no longer in-use.

     - making requests to user-space to fill in cache entries
     - allowing user-space to directly set entries in the cache
     - delaying RPC requests that depend on as-yet incomplete
       cache entries, and replaying those requests when the cache entry
       is complete.

     - clean out old entries as they expire.

  
  Creating a Cache
  ----------------

  1/ A cache needs a datum to store.  This is in the form of a

     structure definition that must contain a
       struct cache_head
     as an element, usually the first.
     It will also contain a key and some content.
     Each cache element is reference counted and contains
     expiry and update times for use in cache management.
  2/ A cache needs a "cache_detail" structure that

     describes the cache.  This stores the hash table, some
     parameters for cache management, and some operations detailing how
     to work with particular cache items.
     The operations requires are:
     	struct cache_head *alloc(void)
  		This simply allocates appropriate memory and returns
     		a pointer to the cache_detail embedded within the
  		structure
  	void cache_put(struct kref *)
  		This is called when the last reference to an item is

  		dropped.  The pointer passed is to the 'ref' field

  		in the cache_head.  cache_put should release any
  		references create by 'cache_init' and, if CACHE_VALID
  		is set, any references created by cache_update.
  		It should then release the memory allocated by
     		'alloc'.
          int match(struct cache_head *orig, struct cache_head *new)
  		test if the keys in the two structures match.  Return
  		1 if they do, 0 if they don't.
  	void init(struct cache_head *orig, struct cache_head *new)
  		Set the 'key' fields in 'new' from 'orig'.  This may
  		include taking references to shared objects.
  	void update(struct cache_head *orig, struct cache_head *new)
  		Set the 'content' fileds in 'new' from 'orig'.
  	int cache_show(struct seq_file *m, struct cache_detail *cd,
  			struct cache_head *h)
  		Optional.  Used to provide a /proc file that lists the
  		contents of a cache.  This should show one item,
     		usually on just one line.
  	int cache_request(struct cache_detail *cd, struct cache_head *h,
     		char **bpp, int *blen)
  		Format a request to be send to user-space for an item
     		to be instantiated.  *bpp is a buffer of size *blen.
  		bpp should be moved forward over the encoded message,
  		and  *blen should be reduced to show how much free
  		space remains.  Return 0 on success or <0 if not
  		enough room or other problem.
  	int cache_parse(struct cache_detail *cd, char *buf, int len)
  		A message from user space has arrived to fill out a
  		cache entry.  It is in 'buf' of length 'len'.
  		cache_parse should parse this, find the item in the
  		cache with sunrpc_cache_lookup, and update the item
  		with sunrpc_cache_update.
  
  
  3/ A cache needs to be registered using cache_register().  This
     includes it on a list of caches that will be regularly
     cleaned to discard old data.

  Using a cache
  -------------

  To find a value in a cache, call sunrpc_cache_lookup passing a pointer
  to the cache_head in a sample item with the 'key' fields filled in.
  This will be passed to ->match to identify the target entry.  If no
  entry is found, a new entry will be create, added to the cache, and
  marked as not containing valid data.

  The item returned is typically passed to cache_check which will check
  if the data is valid, and may initiate an up-call to get fresh data.
  cache_check will return -ENOENT in the entry is negative or if an up
  call is needed but not possible, -EAGAIN if an upcall is pending,
  or 0 if the data is valid;

  
  cache_check can be passed a "struct cache_req *".  This structure is
  typically embedded in the actual request and can be used to create a
  deferred copy of the request (struct cache_deferred_req).  This is
  done when the found cache item is not uptodate, but the is reason to
  believe that userspace might provide information soon.  When the cache
  item does become valid, the deferred copy of the request will be
  revisited (->revisit).  It is expected that this method will
  reschedule the request for processing.

  The value returned by sunrpc_cache_lookup can also be passed to
  sunrpc_cache_update to set the content for the item.  A second item is
  passed which should hold the content.  If the item found by _lookup
  has valid data, then it is discarded and a new item is created.  This
  saves any user of an item from worrying about content changing while
  it is being inspected.  If the item found by _lookup does not contain
  valid data, then the content is copied across and CACHE_VALID is set.

  
  Populating a cache
  ------------------
  
  Each cache has a name, and when the cache is registered, a directory
  with that name is created in /proc/net/rpc
  
  This directory contains a file called 'channel' which is a channel
  for communicating between kernel and user for populating the cache.
  This directory may later contain other files of interacting
  with the cache.
  
  The 'channel' works a bit like a datagram socket. Each 'write' is
  passed as a whole to the cache for parsing and interpretation.
  Each cache can treat the write requests differently, but it is
  expected that a message written will contain:
    - a key
    - an expiry time
    - a content.
  with the intention that an item in the cache with the give key
  should be create or updated to have the given content, and the
  expiry time should be set on that item.
  
  Reading from a channel is a bit more interesting.  When a cache

  lookup fails, or when it succeeds but finds an entry that may soon
  expire, a request is lodged for that cache item to be updated by

  user-space.  These requests appear in the channel file.
  
  Successive reads will return successive requests.
  If there are no more requests to return, read will return EOF, but a
  select or poll for read will block waiting for another request to be
  added.
  
  Thus a user-space helper is likely to:
    open the channel.
      select for readable
      read a request
      write a response
    loop.

  If it dies and needs to be restarted, any requests that have not been

  answered will still appear in the file and will be read by the new
  instance of the helper.
  
  Each cache should define a "cache_parse" method which takes a message
  written from user-space and processes it.  It should return an error
  (which propagates back to the write syscall) or 0.
  
  Each cache should also define a "cache_request" method which
  takes a cache item and encodes a request into the buffer
  provided.

  Note: If a cache has no active readers on the channel, and has had not
  active readers for more than 60 seconds, further requests will not be

  added to the channel but instead all lookups that do not find a valid

  entry will fail.  This is partly for backward compatibility: The
  previous nfs exports table was deemed to be authoritative and a
  failed lookup meant a definite 'no'.
  
  request/response format
  -----------------------
  
  While each cache is free to use it's own format for requests

  and responses over channel, the following is recommended as

  appropriate and support routines are available to help:
  Each request or response record should be printable ASCII
  with precisely one newline character which should be at the end.
  Fields within the record should be separated by spaces, normally one.
  If spaces, newlines, or nul characters are needed in a field they

  much be quoted.  two mechanisms are available:

  1/ If a field begins '\x' then it must contain an even number of
     hex digits, and pairs of these digits provide the bytes in the
     field.
  2/ otherwise a \ in the field must be followed by 3 octal digits
     which give the code for a byte.  Other characters are treated

     as them selves.  At the very least, space, newline, nul, and

     '\' must be quoted in this way.