mm/page-writeback.c: add strictlimit feature

The feature prevents mistrusted filesystems (ie: FUSE mounts created by
unprivileged users) to grow a large number of dirty pages before
throttling.  For such filesystems balance_dirty_pages always check bdi
counters against bdi limits.  I.e.  even if global "nr_dirty" is under
"freerun", it's not allowed to skip bdi checks.  The only use case for now
is fuse: it sets bdi max_ratio to 1% by default and system administrators
are supposed to expect that this limit won't be exceeded.

The feature is on if a BDI is marked by BDI_CAP_STRICTLIMIT flag.  A
filesystem may set the flag when it initializes its BDI.

The problematic scenario comes from the fact that nobody pays attention to
the NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP counter (i.e.  number of pages under fuse
writeback).  The implementation of fuse writeback releases original page
(by calling end_page_writeback) almost immediately.  A fuse request queued
for real processing bears a copy of original page.  Hence, if userspace
fuse daemon doesn't finalize write requests in timely manner, an
aggressive mmap writer can pollute virtually all memory by those temporary
fuse page copies.  They are carefully accounted in NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP, but
nobody cares.

To make further explanations shorter, let me use "NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP
problem" as a shortcut for "a possibility of uncontrolled grow of amount
of RAM consumed by temporary pages allocated by kernel fuse to process
writeback".

The problem was very easy to reproduce.  There is a trivial example
filesystem implementation in fuse userspace distribution: fusexmp_fh.c.  I
added "sleep(1);" to the write methods, then recompiled and mounted it.
Then created a huge file on the mount point and run a simple program which
mmap-ed the file to a memory region, then wrote a data to the region.  An
hour later I observed almost all RAM consumed by fuse writeback.  Since
then some unrelated changes in kernel fuse made it more difficult to
reproduce, but it is still possible now.

Putting this theoretical happens-in-the-lab thing aside, there is another
thing that really hurts real world (FUSE) users.  This is write-through
page cache policy FUSE currently uses.  I.e.  handling write(2), kernel
fuse populates page cache and flushes user data to the server
synchronously.  This is excessively suboptimal.  Pavel Emelyanov's patches
("writeback cache policy") solve the problem, but they also make resolving
NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP problem absolutely necessary.  Otherwise, simply copying
a huge file to a fuse mount would result in memory starvation.  Miklos,
the maintainer of FUSE, believes strictlimit feature the way to go.

And eventually putting FUSE topics aside, there is one more use-case for
strictlimit feature.  Using a slow USB stick (mass storage) in a machine
with huge amount of RAM installed is a well-known pain.  Let's make simple
computations.  Assuming 64GB of RAM installed, existing implementation of
balance_dirty_pages will start throttling only after 9.6GB of RAM becomes
dirty (freerun == 15% of total RAM).  So, the command "cp 9GB_file
/media/my-usb-storage/" may return in a few seconds, but subsequent
"umount /media/my-usb-storage/" will take more than two hours if effective
throughput of the storage is, to say, 1MB/sec.

After inclusion of strictlimit feature, it will be trivial to add a knob
(e.g.  /sys/devices/virtual/bdi/x:y/strictlimit) to enable it on demand.
Manually or via udev rule.  May be I'm wrong, but it seems to be quite a
natural desire to limit the amount of dirty memory for some devices we are
not fully trust (in the sense of sustainable throughput).

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning in page-writeback.c]
Signed-off-by: Maxim Patlasov <MPatlasov@parallels.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>