24 Nov, 2017
1 commit
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commit e492080e640c2d1235ddf3441cae634cfffef7e1 upstream.
online_page_ext() and page_ext_init() allocate page_ext for each
section, but they do not allocate if the first PFN is !pfn_present(pfn)
or !pfn_valid(pfn). Then section->page_ext remains as NULL.
lookup_page_ext checks NULL only if CONFIG_DEBUG_VM is enabled. For a
valid PFN, __set_page_owner will try to get page_ext through
lookup_page_ext. Without CONFIG_DEBUG_VM lookup_page_ext will misuse
NULL pointer as value 0. This incurrs invalid address access.This is the panic example when PFN 0x100000 is not valid but PFN
0x13FC00 is being used for page_ext. section->page_ext is NULL,
get_entry returned invalid page_ext address as 0x1DFA000 for a PFN
0x13FC00.To avoid this panic, CONFIG_DEBUG_VM should be removed so that page_ext
will be checked at all times.Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address 01dfa014
------------[ cut here ]------------
Kernel BUG at ffffff80082371e0 [verbose debug info unavailable]
Internal error: Oops: 96000045 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
Modules linked in:
PC is at __set_page_owner+0x48/0x78
LR is at __set_page_owner+0x44/0x78
__set_page_owner+0x48/0x78
get_page_from_freelist+0x880/0x8e8
__alloc_pages_nodemask+0x14c/0xc48
__do_page_cache_readahead+0xdc/0x264
filemap_fault+0x2ac/0x550
ext4_filemap_fault+0x3c/0x58
__do_fault+0x80/0x120
handle_mm_fault+0x704/0xbb0
do_page_fault+0x2e8/0x394
do_mem_abort+0x88/0x124Pre-4.7 kernels also need commit f86e4271978b ("mm: check the return
value of lookup_page_ext for all call sites").Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171107094131.14621-1-jaewon31.kim@samsung.com
Fixes: eefa864b701d ("mm/page_ext: resurrect struct page extending code for debugging")
Signed-off-by: Jaewon Kim
Acked-by: Michal Hocko
Cc: Vlastimil Babka
Cc: Minchan Kim
Cc: Joonsoo Kim
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman
02 Nov, 2017
1 commit
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Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman
07 Sep, 2017
2 commits
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page_ext_init() can take long on large machines, so add a cond_resched()
point after each section is processed. This will allow moving the init
to a later point at boot without triggering lockup reports.Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170720134029.25268-3-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka
Acked-by: Michal Hocko
Cc: Joonsoo Kim
Cc: Mel Gorman
Cc: Yang Shi
Cc: Laura Abbott
Cc: Vinayak Menon
Cc: zhong jiang
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds -
Commit f52407ce2dea ("memory hotplug: alloc page from other node in
memory online") has introduced N_HIGH_MEMORY checks to only use NUMA
aware allocations when there is some memory present because the
respective node might not have any memory yet at the time and so it
could fail or even OOM.Things have changed since then though. Zonelists are now always
initialized before we do any allocations even for hotplug (see
959ecc48fc75 ("mm/memory_hotplug.c: fix building of node hotplug
zonelist")).Therefore these checks are not really needed. In fact caller of the
allocator should never care about whether the node is populated because
that might change at any time.Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170721143915.14161-10-mhocko@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka
Cc: Shaohua Li
Cc: Joonsoo Kim
Cc: Johannes Weiner
Cc: Mel Gorman
Cc: Toshi Kani
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds
04 May, 2017
1 commit
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On SPARSEMEM systems page poisoning is enabled after buddy is up,
because of the dependency on page extension init. This causes the pages
released by free_all_bootmem not to be poisoned. This either delays or
misses the identification of some issues because the pages have to
undergo another cycle of alloc-free-alloc for any corruption to be
detected.Enable page poisoning early by getting rid of the PAGE_EXT_DEBUG_POISON
flag. Since all the free pages will now be poisoned, the flag need not
be verified before checking the poison during an alloc.[vinmenon@codeaurora.org: fix Kconfig]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1490878002-14423-1-git-send-email-vinmenon@codeaurora.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1490358246-11001-1-git-send-email-vinmenon@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Vinayak Menon
Acked-by: Laura Abbott
Tested-by: Laura Abbott
Cc: Joonsoo Kim
Cc: Michal Hocko
Cc: Akinobu Mita
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds
08 Oct, 2016
2 commits
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Until now, if some page_ext users want to use it's own field on
page_ext, it should be defined in struct page_ext by hard-coding. It
has a problem that wastes memory in following situation.struct page_ext {
#ifdef CONFIG_A
int a;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_B
int b;
#endif
};Assume that kernel is built with both CONFIG_A and CONFIG_B. Even if we
enable feature A and doesn't enable feature B at runtime, each entry of
struct page_ext takes two int rather than one int. It's undesirable
result so this patch tries to fix it.To solve above problem, this patch implements to support extra space
allocation at runtime. When need() callback returns true, it's extra
memory requirement is summed to entry size of page_ext. Also, offset
for each user's extra memory space is returned. With this offset, user
can use this extra space and there is no need to define needed field on
page_ext by hard-coding.This patch only implements an infrastructure. Following patch will use
it for page_owner which is only user having it's own fields on page_ext.Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1471315879-32294-6-git-send-email-iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka
Cc: Minchan Kim
Cc: Michal Hocko
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds -
Here, 'offset' means entry index in page_ext array. Following patch
will use 'offset' for field offset in each entry so rename current
'offset' to prevent confusion.Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1471315879-32294-5-git-send-email-iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka
Cc: Minchan Kim
Cc: Michal Hocko
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds
28 May, 2016
1 commit
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page_ext_init() checks suitable pages with pfn_to_nid(), but
pfn_to_nid() depends on memmap which will not be setup fully until
page_alloc_init_late() is done. Use early_pfn_to_nid() instead of
pfn_to_nid() so that page extension could be still used early even
though CONFIG_ DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT is enabled and catch early page
allocation call sites.Suggested by Joonsoo Kim [1], this fix basically undoes the change
introduced by commit b8f1a75d61d840 ("mm: call page_ext_init() after all
struct pages are initialized") and fixes the same problem with a better
approach.[1] http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAAmzW4OUmyPwQjvd7QUfc6W1Aic__TyAuH80MLRZNMxKy0-wPQ@mail.gmail.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1464198689-23458-1-git-send-email-yang.shi@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Yang Shi
Cc: Joonsoo Kim
Cc: Mel Gorman
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds
16 Mar, 2016
1 commit
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By default, page poisoning uses a poison value (0xaa) on free. If this
is changed to 0, the page is not only sanitized but zeroing on alloc
with __GFP_ZERO can be skipped as well. The tradeoff is that detecting
corruption from the poisoning is harder to detect. This feature also
cannot be used with hibernation since pages are not guaranteed to be
zeroed after hibernation.Credit to Grsecurity/PaX team for inspiring this work
Signed-off-by: Laura Abbott
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov"
Cc: Vlastimil Babka
Cc: Michal Hocko
Cc: Kees Cook
Cc: Mathias Krause
Cc: Dave Hansen
Cc: Jianyu Zhan
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds
11 Sep, 2015
1 commit
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Knowing the portion of memory that is not used by a certain application or
memory cgroup (idle memory) can be useful for partitioning the system
efficiently, e.g. by setting memory cgroup limits appropriately.
Currently, the only means to estimate the amount of idle memory provided
by the kernel is /proc/PID/{clear_refs,smaps}: the user can clear the
access bit for all pages mapped to a particular process by writing 1 to
clear_refs, wait for some time, and then count smaps:Referenced. However,
this method has two serious shortcomings:- it does not count unmapped file pages
- it affects the reclaimer logicTo overcome these drawbacks, this patch introduces two new page flags,
Idle and Young, and a new sysfs file, /sys/kernel/mm/page_idle/bitmap.
A page's Idle flag can only be set from userspace by setting bit in
/sys/kernel/mm/page_idle/bitmap at the offset corresponding to the page,
and it is cleared whenever the page is accessed either through page tables
(it is cleared in page_referenced() in this case) or using the read(2)
system call (mark_page_accessed()). Thus by setting the Idle flag for
pages of a particular workload, which can be found e.g. by reading
/proc/PID/pagemap, waiting for some time to let the workload access its
working set, and then reading the bitmap file, one can estimate the amount
of pages that are not used by the workload.The Young page flag is used to avoid interference with the memory
reclaimer. A page's Young flag is set whenever the Access bit of a page
table entry pointing to the page is cleared by writing to the bitmap file.
If page_referenced() is called on a Young page, it will add 1 to its
return value, therefore concealing the fact that the Access bit was
cleared.Note, since there is no room for extra page flags on 32 bit, this feature
uses extended page flags when compiled on 32 bit.[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: kpageidle requires an MMU]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: decouple from page-flags rework]
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov
Reviewed-by: Andres Lagar-Cavilla
Cc: Minchan Kim
Cc: Raghavendra K T
Cc: Johannes Weiner
Cc: Michal Hocko
Cc: Greg Thelen
Cc: Michel Lespinasse
Cc: David Rientjes
Cc: Pavel Emelyanov
Cc: Cyrill Gorcunov
Cc: Jonathan Corbet
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds
14 Dec, 2014
3 commits
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This is the page owner tracking code which is introduced so far ago. It
is resident on Andrew's tree, though, nobody tried to upstream so it
remain as is. Our company uses this feature actively to debug memory leak
or to find a memory hogger so I decide to upstream this feature.This functionality help us to know who allocates the page. When
allocating a page, we store some information about allocation in extra
memory. Later, if we need to know status of all pages, we can get and
analyze it from this stored information.In previous version of this feature, extra memory is statically defined in
struct page, but, in this version, extra memory is allocated outside of
struct page. It enables us to turn on/off this feature at boottime
without considerable memory waste.Although we already have tracepoint for tracing page allocation/free,
using it to analyze page owner is rather complex. We need to enlarge the
trace buffer for preventing overlapping until userspace program launched.
And, launched program continually dump out the trace buffer for later
analysis and it would change system behaviour with more possibility rather
than just keeping it in memory, so bad for debug.Moreover, we can use page_owner feature further for various purposes. For
example, we can use it for fragmentation statistics implemented in this
patch. And, I also plan to implement some CMA failure debugging feature
using this interface.I'd like to give the credit for all developers contributed this feature,
but, it's not easy because I don't know exact history. Sorry about that.
Below is people who has "Signed-off-by" in the patches in Andrew's tree.Contributor:
Alexander Nyberg
Mel Gorman
Dave Hansen
Minchan Kim
Michal Nazarewicz
Andrew Morton
Jungsoo SonSigned-off-by: Joonsoo Kim
Cc: Mel Gorman
Cc: Johannes Weiner
Cc: Minchan Kim
Cc: Dave Hansen
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz
Cc: Jungsoo Son
Cc: Ingo Molnar
Cc: Joonsoo Kim
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds -
Until now, debug-pagealloc needs extra flags in struct page, so we need to
recompile whole source code when we decide to use it. This is really
painful, because it takes some time to recompile and sometimes rebuild is
not possible due to third party module depending on struct page. So, we
can't use this good feature in many cases.Now, we have the page extension feature that allows us to insert extra
flags to outside of struct page. This gets rid of third party module
issue mentioned above. And, this allows us to determine if we need extra
memory for this page extension in boottime. With these property, we can
avoid using debug-pagealloc in boottime with low computational overhead in
the kernel built with CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC. This will help our
development process greatly.This patch is the preparation step to achive above goal. debug-pagealloc
originally uses extra field of struct page, but, after this patch, it will
use field of struct page_ext. Because memory for page_ext is allocated
later than initialization of page allocator in CONFIG_SPARSEMEM, we should
disable debug-pagealloc feature temporarily until initialization of
page_ext. This patch implements this.Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim
Cc: Mel Gorman
Cc: Johannes Weiner
Cc: Minchan Kim
Cc: Dave Hansen
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz
Cc: Jungsoo Son
Cc: Ingo Molnar
Cc: Joonsoo Kim
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds -
When we debug something, we'd like to insert some information to every
page. For this purpose, we sometimes modify struct page itself. But,
this has drawbacks. First, it requires re-compile. This makes us
hesitate to use the powerful debug feature so development process is
slowed down. And, second, sometimes it is impossible to rebuild the
kernel due to third party module dependency. At third, system behaviour
would be largely different after re-compile, because it changes size of
struct page greatly and this structure is accessed by every part of
kernel. Keeping this as it is would be better to reproduce errornous
situation.This feature is intended to overcome above mentioned problems. This
feature allocates memory for extended data per page in certain place
rather than the struct page itself. This memory can be accessed by the
accessor functions provided by this code. During the boot process, it
checks whether allocation of huge chunk of memory is needed or not. If
not, it avoids allocating memory at all. With this advantage, we can
include this feature into the kernel in default and can avoid rebuild and
solve related problems.Until now, memcg uses this technique. But, now, memcg decides to embed
their variable to struct page itself and it's code to extend struct page
has been removed. I'd like to use this code to develop debug feature, so
this patch resurrect it.To help these things to work well, this patch introduces two callbacks for
clients. One is the need callback which is mandatory if user wants to
avoid useless memory allocation at boot-time. The other is optional, init
callback, which is used to do proper initialization after memory is
allocated. Detailed explanation about purpose of these functions is in
code comment. Please refer it.Others are completely same with previous extension code in memcg.
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim
Cc: Mel Gorman
Cc: Johannes Weiner
Cc: Minchan Kim
Cc: Dave Hansen
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz
Cc: Jungsoo Son
Cc: Ingo Molnar
Cc: Joonsoo Kim
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds